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1. What is AI?
2. Issues in AI
An Overview
- AI is a science of making intelligent machines
- Intelligence is a type of computation:
What is a computation?
Turing Machines
- How do we know if a machine is intelligent or
not?
Turing Test
1. What is AI?
Artificial intelligence is the science and
engineering of making computer programs that exhibit
characteristics of human intelligence.
Scientific aim: To understand the requirements for and
mechanisms of human, animal, machine, robotic
intelligence
Engineering aim: To apply such knowledge in building
useful artifacts (machines & robots) capable to do
things done by humans or animals
What is intelligence?
- Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to solve
problems and achieve goals in the world in an efficient manner
(McCarthy)
- Computational part .. to do efficiently Algorithm
(e.g.)
Tower of Hanoi Problem:
Tic-tac-toe:
Chess:
No. of all possible board states: 10120!!
- Combinatorial explosion problem
- Blind search intractable
Tower of Hanoi
Branches of AI
Knowledge representation
- Processing information about and representing facts about the
world in some abstract way
Pattern recognition
- Extracting knowledge from images (e.g., letters, face, X-ray
data, satellite photos)
Machine learning
- Improving performance from experience (e.g., rule induction &
adaptive modification)
Planning
- Planning a complex sequence of actions (e.g., playing chess)
Pattern recognition
Knowledge representation
Reasoning & inference
Machine learning
Applications of AI
Computer vision
- IRIS (biometric identification device), detection of
forgeries, chip inspection
Expert systems
- MYCIN (medical diagnosis), HYPO (legal reasoning),
auto pilot, intelligent tutoring system
Game playing
- IBMS Deep Blue (search 2m positions per sec)
Speech recognition
- Dragon Naturally Speaking
Robotics
- robot moles in Mars exploration
Dartmouth Workshop
(1956)
- Summer workshop that officially launched the field
known as Artificial Intelligence (named by McCarthy)
- Participants included: McCarthy (Stanford), Minsky
(MIT), Shannon (Lucent), Newell (CMU), Simon (CMU)
Weak AI vs Strong AI
in the Study of Mind
(Searl 1980)
Weak AI:
- The principal value of the computer in the study of
mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool.
Strong AI:
- An appropriately programmed computer literally has
cognitive states and therefore explains how the
human mind works.
2. Issues in AI
Issue #1:
What is a computation?
Turing Machines
(Turing, 1937)
Control program:
Condition (IF)
Current
state
Action (THEN)
Symbol
read
Symbol
to write
S1
Left
S3
S2
Right
S1
S3
Left
S2
16-city problem
A candidate solution
Issue #2:
How do we know if a machine is
intelligent or not?
Turing Test
(Turing, 1951)
Chinese Room
(Searle, 1980)