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Economics and Benefitcost Analysis
Lecture 1
Reading
Sinden and Thampapillai, Chpt. 1 and
Chpt. 7
Public Investment And Resource
Allocation
Markets and Public Sector Allocation
of Resources
Fundamental Economic Issue
• Allocate scarce resources among competing
uses
Market performs this function for private
goods and private sector for resources
• Private profitability ranks projects
Markets and Public Sector
Allocation of Resources
Public sector resources are not allocated by
markets
Requires some systematic methodology by
which to optimally allocate
Must consider social objectives, missing and
incomplete and distorted markets,
Not just private objectives and existing markets
as is
Public Sector Resource Allocation
Private profitability does not allocate resources
according to social ordering
Specific Reasons:
• Promotion of economic growth
• Reduction in income inequality
• Reduction in poverty
• Prices of inputs or outputs may not reflect their true
marginal social costs or benefits if there are distorted
or missing input or output markets
Public Sector Resource Allocation
Specific Reasons for Public Sector Resources
Not Allocated by Market
• Account for externalities (incomplete or missing
markets)
• Some project inputs or outputs may be nonmarketed
(e.g. public goods)
• Still must be evaluated
• Indirect welfare effects
• If markets are distorted elsewhere, indirect welfare
effects from induced resource allocations on these
markets
Public Sector Resource Allocation
Specific Reasons for Public Sector
Resources Not Allocated by Market
• Private discount rate may differ from social
discount rate
• Could be capital market distortions or inter
generational externalities in savings
• Capital market distortions include taxes on capital
income or imperfections in ability of individuals to
borrow against future income
Public Investment and Resource
Allocation
Specific Reasons for Public Sector
Resources Not Allocated by Market
• Private discount rate may differ from social
discount rate
• Intergenerational externalities in savings could
arise from interdependent utility functions
between generations
• Also, if risk is not allocated efficiently in an
economy, resources are not efficiently allocated
intertemporally
Public Sector Resource Allocation
Benefitcost analysis provides systematic
manner to evaluate public investments
and public policies and efficiently
allocated public resources according to
social criteria
Assesses costs and benefits of public
investment
If B > C, then acceptable
If B < C, then unacceptable
Public Sector Resource Allocation
Basic idea is to measure in monetary units how
social welfare is affected by a public policy or
project
Benefitcost analysis is a set of procedures for
defining and comparing benefits and costs
A way of organizing and analyzing data
A way of thinking about policies and projects
An aid to decisionmaking
Welfare Economics And Cost
Benefit Analysis
Welfare Economics And Cost
Benefit Analysis
Welfare economics provides theoretical
underpinning for CBA
Welfare economics is branch of economics
concerned with what “ought to be”
Normative rather than positive economics
Focuses on using resources optimally to achieve
maximum wellbeing for individuals in society
Judgments on desirability of particular policies and
projects
Welfare Economics And Cost
Benefit Analysis
Basic aim is to provide criteria to rank
various policy proposals
Welfare economics is based on a set of
assumptions and principles
Primary value judgment is that the individual
forms the basis of society and that individual
preferences count
Continuum of Analyses from
Strictly Private to
Comprehensive Social
Financial vs. Economic
vs. Social
FINANCIAL vs. ECONOMIC vs.
SOCIAL ANALYSIS
Financial Economic Social
Inter-temporal
Private
and
Firm
Economic Externalities Project intra-temporal
CBA And Public Analysis income
Goods distribution
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Consider now a simple example
demonstrating that a project or policy’s
outcomes for society may differ from the
outcomes to a private firm or individual.
Further, the size of the net benefit may
itself differ from the social and private
viewpoints.
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Firm A considering courier service for express
delivery of small parcels
Generates net increase in delivery services and net
increase in available inputs
Firm A’s service annually:
Revenue = $150,000
Costs = $100,000
Net revenue = $150,000 $100,000 = $50,000
20% tax on net revenue = 0.20 x $50,000 = $10,000
Profit = $50,000 $10,000 = $40,000
= Net Benefit to A
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Suppose A’s service allows Firm B to improve
efficiency of its operation and increase its sales
Firm B annually shows increases:
Revenue = $115,000
Costs = $40,000
Net revenue = $115,000 $40,000 = $75,000
20% tax on net revenue = 0.20 x $75,000 = $15,000
Profit = $75,000 $15,000 = $60,000
= Net Benefit to B
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Net private benefit
= Benefits – costs
= (Net revenue A + B) (Private Costs A + B
+ Taxes A + B)
= (150,000 + 115,000) – (100,000 + 40,000
+ 10,000 + 15,000)
= 265,000 – 165,000
= $100,000
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
But society as a whole incurs other annual
costs:
Extra police = $50,000
Extra road construction = $95,000
Net benefits to society must include all benefits
and costs, whoever incurs them.
Hence, extra costs must be included in society’s net
benefit calculations.
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Tax is transfer payment from one sector of
society to another, and hence is excluded from
calculation of net social benefits.
Net social benefit:
All revenues
All costs to firms except transfer payments
All extra costs incurred by society
All extra benefits enjoyed by society
(Not considered here.)
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Net social benefit
= Benefits – costs
= (Revenues A + B) (Private Costs A + B
+ Social Costs Police + Roads)
= (150,000 + 115,000)
(100,000 + 40,000 + 50,000 + 95,000)
= 265,000 – 285,000
= $20,000
Note: taxes are excluded from costs
Net Social Benefits May Differ From Net
Private Benefits
Thus, size of net social benefit can differ
from size of net private benefit
An alternative that is desirable to private
sector may be undesirable to society (or
vice versa)
Optional Next Lecture
Topic
Discounting and present value
Readings
Dixon and Meister, chpt. 3 (pdf file on First
Class)
Chapter 9 and Appendix 2 of Sinden and
Thampapillai)
World Bank pp. 127132