CW Test

1.0

Huawei Confidential. All Rights Reserved

Introduction

CW test (Continuous Wave test) is an important step

of Propagation Model Tuning. With the CW test
data and Digital maps, the accurate Propagation
Model could be gotten through model tuning.

Internal Use

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Principles and Purpose of CW

Test
Chapter 2 CW Test Workflow
Chapter 3 Analysis of CW Test Data

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use

Principles and Purpose of CW test

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 2 Principles of
Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Test

Internal Use

Propagation Models

Free space propagation model

L fs 32.45 20 log (d km ) 20 log (f MHz ) (dB)

Statistical propagation model

Internal Use

Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 2 Principles of
Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Test

Internal Use

Radio Propagation Model

Propagation model is used to predict the effect of terrain,

obstacle and artificial environment on the path loss.

WCDMA
WCDMAcommon
commonpropagation
propagationmodels
models

Internal Use

Radio Propagation Model

Common propagation models

Okumura/Hata model
For: 900M 2000MHz
COST231-Hata model
For: 1500-2000MHz
COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model
For: 800M-2000MHz
Keenan-Motley model
For indoor propagation
Propagation model in UNET
For macro cell on 300M 2000M

Internal Use

Radio Propagation Model

Model in UNET:

L=K1 + K2log(d) + K3log(HTxeff) + K4Diffraction

+ K5log(d)log(HTxeff) + K6(HRxeff) + Kclutterf(clutter)
K1: constant (dB)
K2: multiplier factor of log(d)
d: distance between Tx antenna and Rx antenna (m)
K3: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)
HTxeff: effective height of Tx antenna (m)
K4: multiplier factor of diffraction loss, which must be a positive value
Diffraction loss: diffraction loss through the path with barriers (dB)
K5: multiplier factor of log(HTxeff)log(d)
K6: multiplier factor of HRxeff
HRxeff : effective height of Rx antenna (m)
Kclutter: multiplier factor of for f(clutter)
f(clutter): average weighted loss caused by clutter
Internal Use

Principle and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 2 Principles of
Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Test

Internal Use

Purpose of CW Test

Compare CW test data

with prediction results,
and
then
tune
the
propagation parameters
to improve the accuracy
of coverage prediction.

GPS

Internal Use

Theory and Purpose of CW Test

Section 1 Propagation Models

Section 2 Principles of
Propagation Model Tuning

Section 3 Purpose of CW Test

Section 4 Basic Principles of CW

Test

Internal Use

Basic Principle of CW Test

Typification
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave in this area.

Balance
The CW test data must represent the characteristic of
electromagnetic wave by the proportion of different
clutters in this area.

Internal Use

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test

Chapter 2 CW Test Workflow
Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use

CW Test Workflow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Internal Use

Site Selection

Principles of site selection

Number of sites: It is usually agreed that a minimum of 5 sites should

be tested in large and dense city, but one site is enough in the city,
which mainly depends on antenna height and EIRP.

Representation: Site selection should aim to cover all types of clutter

(from the digital map) in the coverage zone.

Multiple models: Define the corresponding zone of each model if the

test environment requires multiple models to describe its propagation
characteristics.

Overlap: Increase measurement overlap area between each site as

much as possible. But reasonable inter-site distance should be
ensured.

Obstacle: The data should be filtered in the subsequent processing if

obvious obstacle exists.

Internal Use

Site Selection
Standards of site selection
a. Antenna height should be greater than 20m.
b. The antenna should be 5m higher than the nearest obstacle.
c. The obstacle mainly refers to the highest building on the roof
where the antenna is installed. The building where the site is
located should be higher than average height of surrounding
buildings.
5m

Internal Use

CW Test Workflow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Internal Use

Building Test Platform in Networking

Tx subsystem: Tx antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source and

antenna holder
Rx subsystem: test receiver, GPS receiver, test software and laptop

Tx antenna

TMA

Signal source

RF cable 1

RF cable 2

Rx antenna
High

frequency
source

signal

Power supply

Drive test
instrument

Laptop

Build-in GPS

Internal Use

Building Test Platform in Networking

Record the gain of the following parts on signals during

networking:

Tx power of signal source

Loss of RF cable

Gain of Tx antenna

Gain of Rx antenna

Internal Use

CW Test Workflow

Section 1 Site Selection

Section 2 Building Test

Platform in Networking

Section 3 Drive Test

Internal Use

Drive Test

Keep to the following standards to select a test path

Landform: The test route must cover all main landforms in the area.

Height: The test route must cover landforms with different height in
this area if the landforms are up-and-down.

Distance: The test route must cover different positions from the site
in the area.

Direction: The test points must be consistent on the horizontal and

vertical route.

Length The total distance of one CW test should be longer than

60km.

Number of test points: The more, the better.

Overlap: Overlap the test route in different sites as much as

possible to improve the reliability of models.

Obstacle: Shadow areas behind this wall should be avoided when

antenna signals are obstructed by the wall at a side.
Internal Use

Drive Test

Lee criteria for sampling: 50 samples by 40

The maximum vehicle speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample
Delete test results from the sampled data under abnormal
conditions:
Fading

over 15~30db without reasonable causes

In tunnels
Under the viaducts

Select test routes from the main lobe coverage area if directional
antennas are adopted for a CW test.

Internal Use

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Theory and Purpose of CW Test

Chapter 2 CW Test Workflow
Chapter 3 Analysis of Test Data

Training.huawei.com

Internal Use

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Section 4 Format
Conversion

Internal Use

Data Filtering

Data to be filtered is as follows:

1. Data tested in the places where
GPS

is

unable

to

locate

accurately (such as under the

overhead rack, in the tunnel).

2.

Data

obtained

when

the

distance to antenna is too near

or far.

3. Data obtained with too weak

signals.

4. Error data caused by inexact AP

(antenna pattern).

5. Other data inconsistent with the

requirements during the route
design of CW test.
Internal Use

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Section 4 Format
Conversion

Internal Use

Data Dispersion

Propagation in mobile communications can xbe

L indicated as
1
follows:
m( x )
r ( y ) dy

2L xL

r(x) = m(x)r0(x)

X: distance
r(x): received signals
r0(x): Raileigh Fading
m(x): local mean value, the combination of long-term fading
and space propagation loss
2L: average length between sampling areas, also called
intrinsic length

Internal Use

Data Dispersion

The CW test is to obtain the local mean value of each geography

location in some areas as far as possible, i.e. the difference of r(x) and
m(x) should be the minimum value. In this sense, effect of Raileigh
Fading should be excluded.

When the intrinsic length equals 40 wavelength and the number of

sampling points is 50, the difference of test data and actual local mean
value can be less than 1dB according to Lee criteria.

Intrinsic length is average length for binning (2G band is 6 m long,

namely, 40 wavelength)

Since the locating speed of GPS is far lower than the receiving speed
of the receiver, the dispersion processing is required before the
binning.

Internal Use

Data Dispersion

The principle of dispersion processing is as follows:

Conditions:
There are many test records arranged under each
locating point in time sequence because the receiving
speed of the receiver is far higher than the locating
speed of GPS.
The vehicle speed between two locating points is
uniform.
The time interval between every two measurement
records is the same.
Processing:
Equally distribute these records to the route section
between two points in time sequence so that there will
be sufficient points in every 6m range on test route.

Internal Use

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Section 4 Format
Conversion

Internal Use

Data Binning
Objectives:
Reserve the impact of slow fading but eliminate the fast fading
Methods:
Method 1: make grids for the whole area with 6m side, perform
the arithmetic average for the data located in each grid, and
then take the grid center as the new location.
Method 2: divide the path into sections in equal interval with 6m
for each, and perform the arithmetic binning for the data in each
section to select some point for the location of mean value.
Tool: CW Data Editor

Internal Use

Analysis of Test Data

Section 1 Data Filtering

Section 2 Data Dispersion

Section 3 Data Binning

Section 4 Format
Conversion

Internal Use

Format Conversion

The data format exported by Agilent E74xx Series is

Y

CW_Power_List__
Freq__Hz

CW_Power_List__A
mpl__dBm

Time

Date

Data format imported to UNET is

Format conversion can be implemented manually (saved

asX .dat file) Y
CW_Power_List__Ampl__dBm

Internal Use

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