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4
Longitudinal Strain
Flexure Formula
Bending Theory
There are a number of assumptions made in order
to develop the Elastic Theory of Bending:
The beam has a constant cross-section
Is made of a flexible, homogenous material with the same E
in tension and compression.
The material is linearly elastic. Stress and Strain are
proportional (material obeys Hookes Law).
The beam material is not stressed past its proportional limit.
y
s y d dx dx
y
x
Moment-Curvature Relationship
Therefore the neutral axis passes through the
centroid of the cross-sectional area for our given
constraints.
And the moment resulting from the normal
stresses acting over the cross section is equal to
the bending moment.
dM x ydA
Moment-Curvature Relationship
The integral of all such elemental moments over
the entire cross-sectional area is then equal to
the bending moment. Equation 6-11
2
I
y
Recall that
A dA is the moment of inertia.
Then we can express curvature in terms of the
bending moment called the Moment Curvature
Equation.
1 M
EI
Moment-Curvature Relationship
This shows that the curvature is directly
proportional to the bending moment applied and
inversely proportional to EI called the Flexural
Rigidity of the beam.
Flexural Rigidity is a measure of the resistance
of a beam to bending.
Flexure Formula
Now that we have located the neutral axis and derived
the moment curvature relationship we can find the
stresses in terms of bending moment.
If we substitute the equation for curvature into our
equation for normal stress we get
My
x
I
Flexure Formula
Stresses calculated with the flexure formula are
called Bending Stresses or Flexural Stresses.
The maximum tensile and compressive bending
stresses acting at any given cross section occur at
points farthest from the neutral axis.
Mc
max I
Limitation Reminders
The beam is subjected to Pure Bending
The beam has a constant cross-section
Is made of a flexible, homogenous material with the
same E in tension and compression.
The material is linearly elastic. Stress and Strain are
proportional.
The beam material is not stressed past its proportional
limit.