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Fire Protection

Presented by
Jason Bible, MBA, MSM, ARM, CHMM, CSP
Program Manager, Occupational Safety and
Fire Prevention

Todays Topics..

National Fire
Protection
Association
International
Building Code
by ICC

February 24, 2003


462 in attendance
100 lost their lives
The fire was caused by pyrotechnics
Great White was performing
The Station Fire, Rhode Island, 2003

Video: http://youtu.be/SIetpe_KAJU

Notable Fires

Boston 1942, Cocoanut Grove Night Club


492 people dead
In 1946.
LaSalle Hotel in Chicago
61 dead
Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta
119 dead http://youtu.be/ujWXIrhyeVw?t=17s
A Christmas tree- http://youtu.be/hMtjGfr0tYs

Living room fire- http://youtu.be/QqMVm72FMRk?t=1m28s


Iroquois fire Chicago http://youtu.be/uD0L2ZjD3Cw
MGM Hotel http://youtu.be/0vofS-u_gKE?t=6m, Part 2
http://youtu.be/EraeoJJMH0I

NFPA 101 Life Safety Code

What is in Code
Chapter 1-3 (key information,
definitions)
Chapters 4-6 (occupancy definition)
Chapters 7-10 (means of egress, fire
protection, interior finish )
Chapters 11- 42 (assembly,
educational, business)
Chapter 43 Building Rehabilitation
Annex and Index

Means of Egress.
Important numbers to remember
76 or 68 with ceiling projections,
32 door opening,
Kept egress clear at all times.
Exits
Stairs

Fire Protection
Fire barriers
Smoke barriers
Rated fire doors
Automatic Sprinklers NFPA 13, 13D,
13R

Occupancy Definitions
See chapter 6 for the definition of the
all the different occupancies.
Table 6.1.14.4.1(a/b)- separation of
occupancies.

Types of Occupancies
Assembly- theaters, auditoriums,
stadiums
Educational- high schools,
classroom(varies)
Health Care- nursing homes, hospitals
Business, Storage, Mercantile,

Assembly

Educational
An occupancy used for educational purposes through the twelfth grade
by six or more persons for 4 or more hours per day or more than 12
hours per week.

Health Care

Business
An occupancy used for the
transaction of business other than
mercantile.

Storage
An occupancy used primarily for the
storage or sheltering of goods,
merchandise, products, or vehicles.

Mercantile
An occupancy used for the display and
sale of merchandise.

THE MALL!

Highlights
The purpose of the Life Safety Code is to establish
minimum requirements that will provide a
reasonable degree of safety from fire and similar
emergencies in buildings and structures.
To apply the Code effectively, one must understand
the legal authority of the Code in various
jurisdictions; be familiar with the layout and content
of the Code;
understand how to navigate through the Code; and
have a thorough understanding of how proper
application of the Code can minimize the effects of a
devastating fire or other emergency.

IBC

What is the IBC


First published in 2000 by international Code
Council
Complies regulation from BOCA (Building
Officials and Code Administrators International),
Uniform Building Code-ICBO (International
Conference of Building Officials), and SBCCI
(Southern Building Code Congress International)
Updated every 3 years
35 chapters, 10 appendixes, and an Index

Occupancy Types
Chapter 3
A,B,E,F,H,I, M,R,S, U
Some occupancies have numbers
attached
A-3: assemblies for worship, recreation
The number reflects the degree for which
the area is being used.

2006 IBC
CORE CHAPTERS

16 STRUCTURAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS


17 STRUCTURAL TESTS AND SPECIAL INSPECTIONS
18 SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS
19 CONCRETE
20 ALUMINUM
21 MASONRY
22 STEEL
23 WOOD
24 GLASS AND GLAZING
25 GYPSUM BOARD LATH AND PLASTER

21

Chapters 1- 10
Set up like NFPA 101
Means of egress, fire protection, interior
finish, rated construction
Chapters are more in depth

SUMMARY
NFPA 101 and IBC
There is no national or worldwide building code.
Both codes reference one another
Federal Government requires NFPA for hospitals
participation in Medicare and Medicaid
programs
State agency along with municipalities may use
IBC but want to use NFPA for egress.
IBC geared toward construction and life safety
NFPA 101 is more for life safety in different
occupancies

NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection


for Laboratories using Chemicals

Applicability of NFPA 45

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure

A Laboratory?
Laboratory

A workplace where chemicals are used or synthesized


on a non-production basis.

Laboratory Work Area


A room or space for testing, analysis, research,
instruction, or similar activities that involve the use
of chemicals.

Laboratory Unit
An enclosed space used for experiments or tests. May
include one or more laboratory work areas.

Laboratory Building
A structure consisting wholly or principally of one or
more laboratory units.

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure


D.2.4(a)

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure


D.2.4(b)

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure


D.2.4(c)

Laboratory Units

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure


D.2.4(d)

NFPA 45-2004 edition, Figure


D.2.4(e)

Objective of NFPA 45
Limit injury to:
Occupants at the point of fire origin
Emergency response personnel

Limit property loss to a single


laboratory unit

Laboratory Unit
Fire Hazard Classification
Class A Unit = High Fire Hazard
Class B Unit = Moderate Fire
Hazard
Class C Unit = Low Fire Hazard
Class D Unit = Minimal Fire Hazard

Laboratory Unit
Classification
Based on the quantity of:
Flammable liquids
Combustible liquids
Flammable gases

Includes quantities in storage and


use

Laboratory Unit
Classification
Liquefied flammable gases = Class I
flammable liquids
How to classify hazardous materials?
CD ROM database:
Hazardous Materials Expert Assistant
www.iccsafe.org

Ask users to inventory existing


materials
Look at worst-case user types and
quantity

Laboratory Unit
Classification
Includes quantities in storage cabinets or
safety cans
Lab Unit
Maximum Quantity
Classificatio
Class I Liquids
n
per Lab Unit (gal)

Maximum Quantity
Class I, II, IIIA
Liquids per Lab
Unit (gal)

20 gal/100 ft2
1,200 (max)

40 gal/100 ft2
1600 max

10 gal/100 ft2
600 max

20 gal/100 ft2
800 max

4 gal/100 ft2
300 max

8 gal/100 ft2
400 max

2 gal/100 ft2
150 max

2 gal/100 ft2
150 max

Laboratory Unit
Classification
Lab Unit
Classificati
on

NFPA 101 Area Limit per


Vertical
Occupancy
Lab Unit
Fire
Classificati
Separation
(ft2)
on
(hours)

Industrial

10,000

2
90-min
openings

Industrial

10,000

1
45-min
openings

Industrial

No Limit

Not
Required

Business

No Limit

Not
Required

Laboratory Unit
Classification
No limit on number of lab units per
floor
No reduction of allowable quantities
based on vertical location
Supporting construction must carry
corresponding fire rating
Difficult to do Class A/B lab units in
multi-story Type IIB building!

Fire Protection
Automatic sprinkler system required in all new
labs
Sprinkler Density:
Ordinary Hazard Group 2 A/B lab units
Ordinary Hazard Group 1 C/D lab units

Portable Fire Extinguishers


Class A Units = Extra (high) Hazard
Class B, C, D Units = Ordinary (moderate) Hazard

Standpipes
Lab buildings 2 or more stories above or below
grade

Fire Protection
Fire Alarm System
Class A and B Units manual system
required
Must alert local emergency responders
or public fire department

Fire Prevention Procedures


Chemical handling and storage
Hot work permits
Portable electric cords
Smoking areas

Fire Protection
Laboratory Emergency Plans
Alarm activation
Evacuation and building re-entry
Equipment shut down
Fire fighting operations
Non-fire hazards that threaten
emergency operations

Explosion Hazards
Storage or formation of materials
with an instability hazard rating of 4
Highly exothermic reactions
Polymerization, oxidations,
hydrogenation, etc.

High pressure reactions


Explosion hazards as determined by
a qualified person

Explosion Protection
Limit amounts of flammable or reactive
chemicals
Fire detection interlocked with deluge
sprinklers
Local fume hood suppression
Explosion suppression
Explosion resistant construction
Explosion venting

Laboratory Ventilation
Dedicated exhaust required for each lab unit
to exterior, or rated shaft, or to mechanical
penthouse
Fire dampers not permitted in lab exhaust duct
systems
Potential alternatives:
Enclose exhaust for 10 feet either side of rated
penetration
Use sub-ducts per NFPA 45: A.8.10.3.1
Dedicated exhaust duct risers
22-inch sub-ducts with continuous upward air movement

Laboratory Ventilation
Negative pressure vs. corridors and nonlab area
Ducts
Non-combustible materials
Combustible material with Flame Spread
25

Fans
Conveying corrosive, flammable or
combustible vapors
Flame Spread 25
Non-ferrous or spark-resistant

Laboratory Ventilation
Hood interiors
Flame Spread 25 by NFPA 255
Sprinklered for special cases
Flame spread > 25
Hazard analysis

Airflow measuring device at each


hood

Gas Storage and Use


Ventilated hood required for lecture
bottles:
Health hazard 3 or 4
Health hazard 2 with no physiological warning
properties
Pyrophoric gases

Gas cabinet and NFPA 55 compliance


required for cylinders:
Health hazard 3 or 4
Health hazard 2 with no warning properties

Sprinklered gas cabinet required for


pyrophoric gas cylinders

Gas Storage and Use


Gas quantity limits for
areas < 500ft2:

Flammable 6.0 ft3


Oxidizing 6.0 ft3
Liquefied flammable
1.2 ft3
Health hazard 3 or 4
0.3 ft3

Gas quantity limits for areas


>500ft2:

Flammable 0.012 ft3


per ft2
Oxidizing 0.012 ft3 per
ft2
Liquefied flammable
0.0018 ft3 per ft2
Health hazard 3 or 4
0.0006 ft3 per ft2

Gas Storage and Use


Cylinders not in use shall not be
stored in a laboratory unit.
Number of lecture bottles 25
maximum
Outdoor storage
No toxic or flammable gas cylinders:
Within 6 feet of windows, doors, other
openings
Within 30 feet of ventilation intakes

Summary
NFPA 45

Laboratory safety
Fire hazard classification
Fire protection
Gas and chemical storage

NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire


Extinguishers

Fire Extinguishers
Fire Extinguisher Training Requirements.
29 CFR 1910.157(g)
Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers
for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also
provide an educational program to familiarize employees with:

the general principles of fire extinguisher use and


the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting
upon initial employment and
at least annually thereafter.

Additional references: AR 420-90, TB 5-4200-200-10, NFPA 10

Fire Extinguishers

TYPES OF FIRE
Class A - Combustible material
Class B - Flammable liquid
Class C - Electrical
Class D - Combustible metals (not as
well known)
Class K- Kitchen

Fire Extinguisher Labeling

Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher types
The fire equipment manufacturers refer to
three basic types of hand portable fire
extinguishers:
1. Stored pressure
2. Cartridge operated
3. Sealed pressure

Fire Extinguishers
The difference lies mainly in the sealing
method and the means by which the
container is pressurized

Fire Extinguishers
Classified as either stored pressure or
cartridge operated, they are additionally
classified by Underwriters Laboratory (UL)
as:
ABC - (Ammonium Phosphate).
BC - (Sodium Bicarbonate; Purple K). or
D
- (Super D or Sodium Chloride),
Copper, or
G-Plus (Graphite).

Fire Extinguishers

Stored pressure

In stored pressure models


the expellant gas and
extinguishing agent are
stored in a single chamber
and discharge is directly
controlled by the valve

Fire Extinguishers

Stored pressure

These units have the


advantage of being
easily inspected
since most are
equipped with a
pressure gauge
indicating that the
unit is ready for use.

Fire Extinguishers

Stored pressure

Once used this unit


requires special
recharging
equipment and is
normally returned to
the fire department
for recharge

Fire Extinguishers
Cartridge
operated
With cartridge
operated fire
extinguishers, the
expellant gas is
stored in a separate
cartridge located
within or adjacent to
the shell containing
the extinguishing
agent

Fire Extinguishers
Sealed pressure

Sealed pressure fire


extinguishers are much
the
same as stored pressure
units
and are often referred to
as
disposable-non refillable
types

Fire Extinguishers
Sealed pressure - cont.

The expellant gas and


extinguishing agent are
both
stored in a single
chamber,
but differ from stored
pressure units in that
sealing
is accomplished by means
of
a frangible metal disc as
opposed to a valve

Fire Extinguishers
Wheeled Units

Wheeled units are also


considered portable
extinguishers and are
nitrogen cylinder operated
dry chemical units. They are
available in sizes ranging
from 75 pounds to 350
pounds. They can be used on
Class A, B and C fires
depending on the agent used.

Fire Extinguishers
Portable fire extinguishers must be
visually inspected monthly. The
inspection should assure that:
1. Fire extinguishers are in their assigned place;
2. Fire extinguishers are not blocked or hidden;
3. Fire extinguishers are mounted in accordance
with NFPA Standard No. 10 (Portable Fire
Extinguisher);
4. Pressure gauges show adequate pressure
(CO2 extinguisher must be weighted to
determine if leakage has occurred);
5. Pin and seals are in place;
6. Fire extinguishers show no visual sign of
damage or abuse;

Fire Extinguishers
Extinguisher Placement (Travel Distance)
The following chart contains OSHA requirements for classes of fires
and
travel distance to an extinguisher.

Some local requirements may be stricter, so you should always


check with your local fire marshal / fire prevention office.

Fire Class

Class A
Class B
Class C
Class.
Class D

Travel Distance
*75 ft. (22.9m) or less
50 ft. (15.2m)
Based on appropriate A or B Hazard
75 ft

Fire Extinguishers: Pass Method

P for PULL
A for AIM
"S for SQUEEZE
S for SWEEP

Fire Extinguishers
Remember.
The average hand portable
extinguisher will only operate for 30
seconds ----- There is NO TIME to
learn during an actual emergency.

Fire Extinguishers
IN CASE OF FIRE
Evacuate the building

Call the fire department


Make sure the fire is small
Make sure you have a clear way out

SUMMARY
NFPA10
PASS method
Fire classifications
Types of fire extinguishers

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