Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic,
autotrophic photosynthetic with cell
walls made of cellulose.

Kingdom Plantae
All plants have roots, stems and leaves. The leaves
contain stomata-openings for gas and water exchange.
The cuticle - a waxy waterproof coating.
Waxes and oils are lipids, which are biomolecules
that do not dissolve in water.
Reproduce - sexually through meiosis and asexually
by spores and fragmentation.
Transport tissues - phloem and xylem.
Two types - nonvascular and vascular.

Plant Facts
Plants live from a few weeks to 5,000 years
old.
Plants that are non-woody are called
herbaceous plants.
Plants start to grow, the embryo in the seed
begins to sprout and grow into a plant is
called Germination.

Parts of Plants
The leaf, is a plant organ that grows from a stem and usually is
where photosynthesis occurs.
There are three types of leaves that plants: simple, compound,
double compound
Plants can take in water and nutrients from the soil with their
roots.
In most plants, a root is a plant organ that absorbs water and
minerals usually from the soil.
Roots anchor a plant usually in the ground. Some roots, such as
those of radishes or sweet potatoes, accumulate starch and
function as organs of storage. Water moves from the roots of a tree
to its leaves, and the sugars produced in the leaves move to the
roots through the stem.
A stem is a plant organ that provides support for growth.

Transporting materials
Phloem

Xylem

Cambium
Cambiumproducesxylemand
phloemastheplantgrows.

Xylemtransports
wateranddissolved
substancesotherthan
sugarthroughoutthe
plant.
Phloem
transports
dissolved
sugar
throughout
theplant.

Plant Reproduction
A seed is a plant organ that contains an embryo,
along with a food supply, and is covered by a
protective coat.
A seed protects the embryo from drying out and
also can aid in its dispersal.
Land plants reproduce by either spores or seeds.

Nonvascular Seedless Plants

No vascular tissue, no true roots,
stems or leaves and seedless plants.
Phylum Bryophyta - peat moss
Phylum Hepatophyta - liverworts
Phylum Anthocerophyta - hornworts

Liverworts, Peat Moss & Hornworts

Polytrichum

Vascular Seedless Plants

Reproduce by spores.
Phylum Psilotophyta - whisk ferns
Phylum Lycophyta - club moss & spike
moss
Phylum Spenophyta - horsetails
Phylum Pterophyta - ferns

Club moss Huperzia

Scouring rush--Equisetum

Vascular Seed Plants

Reproduce through germination of
seeds
Two types
Gymnosperms - produces naked seeds,
cones, and evergreen
Angiosperms - flowering plants

Gymnosperms
Phylum Cycadophyta - cycads
Phylum Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba only
surviving species
Phylum Coniferophyta - conifers, pine,
cedar, redwoods, fir, spruce, juniper,
cypress, & bald cypress.
Phylum Gnetophyta Ephedra
(Mormoms tea)

Coniferophyta
Bristlecone pines, the oldest
known living trees in the
world, are members of this
plant division.
Another type of conifer, the
Pacific yew, is a source of
cancer-fighting drugs.
Conifers are vascular seed plants that produce seeds in
cones.
Conifers can be identified by the characteristics of their
cones or leaves that are needlelike or scaly.

Gnetophyta
There are three genera of gnetophytes and each has
distinct characteristics.
Gnetum includes about 30 species of tropical trees and
climbing vines.
There are about 35 Ephedra species that grow as
shrubby plants in desert and arid regions.

Welwitschia has only one species, which is

found in the deserts of southwest Africa.
Its leaves grow from the base of a short stem
that resembles a large, shallow cap.

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms
Phylum Anthophyta - Largest of all plant phylums.
All of these have a flower and produce a fruit.
There are approximately 250,000 species.

Two classes
Monocotyledons - single seed leaf - lilies, irises, palms,
tulips, bananas, pineapples, onions, bamboo, coconut
Dicotyledons-two seed leaves - beans, lettuce, oaks,
maple, roses, carnations, elms, cacti

Cells of the Plant

Parenchyma cells are the most abundant kind of plant
cell.
They are found throughout the tissues of a plant.
These spherical cells have thin, flexible cell walls.
Most parenchyma cells usually have a large central
vacuole, which sometimes contains a fluid called sap.
Parenchyma cells have two main functions: storage and
food production.
The edible portion of many fruits and vegetables are
composed mostly of parenchyma cells.

Cells of the Plant

Collenchyma cells are long cells with unevenly thickened cell
walls.
The structure of the cell wall is important because it allows the
cells to grow.
The walls of collenchyma cells can stretch as the cells grow
while providing strength and support.
The walls of sclerenchyma cells are very thick and rigid. Two
types of sclerenchyma cells commonly found in plants are fibers
and sclerids.
Fibers are long, thin cells that form strands. Celery
Sclerids are irregularly shaped and usually found in clusters,
gritty texture in pears.

Tissues of the Plant

The dermal tissue, or epidermis, is composed of
flattened cells that cover all parts of the plant.
Stomata (singular, stoma) are openings in leaf tissue
that control the exchange of gases.
Cells called guard cells control the opening and closing
of stomata. The opening and closing of stomata
regulates the flow of water vapor from leaf tissues.
Trichomes are hair-like projections that give a stem or
a leaf a fuzzy appearance. They help reduce the
evaporation of water from the plant.

Vascular Tissue
Xylem is plant tissue composed of tubular cells that transports
water and dissolve minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
Sugars and other organic compounds are transported throughout a
vascular plant within the phloem.
Ground tissue is composed mostly of parenchyma cells. The
functions of ground tissue include photosynthesis, storage, and
support.
A growing plant produces new cells in areas called meristems.
Meristems are regions of actively dividing cells. Apical
meristems are found at or near the tips of roots and stems.
The vascular cambium produces new xylem and phloem cells in
the stems and roots. The cork cambium produces cells with tough
cell walls.

ROOTS
The surface area of a plants roots can be as much as
50 times greater than the surface area of its leaves.
There are two main types of root systems-taproots
and fibrous roots.
Taproots accumulate and store food.
Fibrous roots systems have many, small branching
roots that grow from a central point.

STEMS
Stems usually are the aboveground parts of plants that
support leaves and flowers. They have vascular tissues
that transport water, dissolved minerals, and sugars to and
from roots and leaves.
Green, herbaceous stems are soft and flexible and usually
carry out some photosynthesis.
Trees, shrubs, and some other perennials have woody
stems. Woody stems are hard and rigid and have cork and
vascular cambriums.
A tuber is a swollen, underground stem that has buds from
which new plants can grow.
Rhizomes also are underground stems that store food.

LEAVES
The primary function of the leaves is photosynthesis.
Most leaves have a relatively large surface area that
receives sunlight.
Sunlight passes through the transparent cuticle into
the photosynthetic tissues just beneath the leaf
surface.
The flat, broad, green part of the leaf is called the leaf
blade.
This stalk, which is part of the leaf, is called the
petiole. The petiole contains vascular tissues that
extend from the stem into the leaf and form veins.

LEAF ARRANGEMENT
A simple leaf is one with a blade that is not divided.
When the blade is divided into leaflets, it is called a
compound leaf.
Leaves can grow from opposite sides of the stem in an
alternating arrangement.
If two leaves grow opposite each other on a stem, the
arrangement is called opposite.
Three or more leaves growing around a stem at the
same position is called a whorled arrangement.

LEAF STRUCTURE
Most photosynthesis takes place in the palisade mesophyll.
Below the palisade mesophyll is the spongy mesophyll,
which is composed of loosely packed, irregularly shaped
cells.
These cells usually are surrounded by many air spaces that
allow carbon dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor to freely flow
around the cells.
Gases can also move in and out of a leaf through the stomata,
which are located in the upper and/or lower epidermis.
Guard cells are cells that surround and control the size of a
stoma.
The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration.

Venation Patterns
One way to distinguish
among different groups of
plants is to examine the
pattern of veins in their
leaves. The veins of
vascular tissue run
through the mesophyll of
the leaf.
Leaf venation patterns
may be parallel, netlike, or
dichotomous.

Parts of a Flower
4 basic parts
Sepals - outermost part that surrounds &
protects
Petal - brightly colored
Stamen - anther & filament (male parts)
Carpels - pistil, ovary, style & stigma (female
parts)

Receptacle or Peduncle

Flowers
A flower that has all four organssepals, petals,
stamens, and pistilsis called a complete flower.
A flower that does not have one or more of the
essential parts is called an incomplete flower.