Do Now

Starting from rest, a car undergoes a

constant acceleration of 10. m/s/s.
How far will the car travel in 3.0 s?
How fast will the car move in 3.0 s?

Do Now

Starting from rest, a car undergoes a

constant acceleration of 10 m/s/s.
How far will the car travel in 3 s?
How fast will the car move in 3 s?
Given:
Solution:
v0 0
m
a 10 2
s
t 3.0 s

Find:
x ?
v ?

1 2
x v0t at
1 2 2
x 0 10(3) 45m
2

v v0 at

v 0 10(3) 30m / s

Do Now
A basketball is dropped from rest from
height of 1 m toward motion detector
located on the floor.
Draw x vs. t, v vs. t, and a vs. t graphs
of the motion of the ball.

Unit 4:
Kinematics in Two
Dimensions

Unit Plan
Free Fall
Projectile Motion
Solving Problems Involving Projectile
Motion
Projectile Motion Is Parabolic

A detail of The School of Athens, a

fresco by Raphael.

Aristotle (382BC322BC)- Greek

natural philosopher.
A student of Plato and
teacher of Alexander
the Great
Believed that more
massive objects fall
faster.
Did not account air
resistance.

 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)

Italian physicist.
Reexamined motion of falling
objects
Has been called the Father
of Modern Physics(used
models and experimentation)
Postulated that all objects
would fall with the same
constant acceleration in
the absence if air resistance.

d t

Free Fall
Freely falling objects are
affected only by gravity.
At a given location on the
Earth and in absence of
air resistance, all objects
fall with the same
constant acceleration.
Acceleration due to gravity,
or acceleration of free fall

m
a g 9.8 2
s

Air Resistance
A feather an a coin
accelerate equally
when there is no
air around them (in
a vacuum).
For compact
objects the effect
of air resistance is
small enough to be
neglected.

Accelerated Motion Due to

Gravity

We can choose y to be positive in the

upward direction or in the downward
direction.
m
Consider
up to be positive.
a g 9motion
.8 2
s
m

acceleration due
to
g 10.0 2
s
gravity
For problem solving, we will
approximate
On Earth, acceleration due to gravity
always has downward

Vertical Motion with Gravity

Start with the key equations for 1dimensional motion. Assume that the
x
y Since
motion is only up and down.
motion is vertical
->
, add the
subscript y to the velocity, and substitute
g for a. v v0 at
v y v0 gt
y

1 2
x v0t at
2

v v0
2

vt

1 2
y v0 y t gt
2
y

v y v0 y
2

v yt

Object Thrown Up
A rock is thrown upward with initial
velocity 30 m/s.
v
Time, t

Velocity,

v y v0 gt
v y 30 10t
After 0 seconds
After 1 second
After 2 seconds
After 3 seconds
After 4 seconds
After 5 seconds
After 6 seconds

Position

y y0 v0t

1 2
gt
2

y 30t 5t 2

Object Thrown Up
A rock is thrown upward with initial
velocity 30 m/s.
v
Time, t

Velocity,

v y v0 gt
v y 30 10t
After 0 seconds

30 m/s

After 1 second

20 m/s

After 2 seconds

10 m/s

After 3 seconds

0 m/s

Reached
top

After 4 seconds

-10 m/s

After 5 seconds

-20 m/s

After 6 seconds

-30 m/s

Displacement

y y0 v0t

1 2
gt
2

y 30t 5t 2

Object Thrown Up
A rock is thrown upward with initial
velocity 30 m/s.
v
Time, t

Velocity,

v y v0 gt
v y 30 10t

Displacement

y y0 v0t

1 2
gt
2

y 30t 5t 2

After 0 seconds

30 m/s

0m

After 1 second

20 m/s

25 m

After 2 seconds

10 m/s

40 m

After 3 seconds

0 m/s

Reached
top

45 m

After 4 seconds

-10 m/s

40 m

After 5 seconds

-20 m/s

25 m

After 6 seconds

-30 m/s

0m

Velocity vs. Time Graph

Object Thrown Up. Graphs

Position vs. Time Graph

 What
Object
Thrown
Up
is the instantaneous

speed at the highest point?

0
How does velocity change
during the upward part of its
motion?
Decreasing from
to
v0
0.
How much does its speed
decrease each second?
The speed decreases 10 m/s
each second.

Object Thrown Up
What is the instantaneous
speed of the object at points of
equal elevation?
The same.
Are velocities same or different
at points of equal elevation?
Same magnitude, opposite
directions.
Is acceleration different when
the object moving upward or
downward?
The same 10 m/s/s downwards.

Dropped Object
A rock is dropped from the top of the
cliff. How far did it travel in 1s, 2s, and
3s?v0 y 0
1 2
y v0 y t gt
2

1 2
y gt
2

1
y (10)t 2 5t 2
2

Dropped Object
A rock is dropped from the top of the
cliff. How far did it travel in 1s, 2s, and
3s?v0 y 0
1 2
y v0 y t gt
2
Drop Time

1 2
y gt
2

1
y (10)t 2 5t 2
2

y 5t 2

1 second

y 5(1) 2 5m

2 seconds

y 5(2) 2 20m

3 seconds

y 5(3) 2 45m

v0 y 0

Dropping with
.
Find time if you know y.

1 2
y v0 y t gt
2
1 2
y 10t
2
y 5t 2
t

y
5

Time Up = Time Down

Since for the object thrown upward
the motion up and down is
symmetrical, you can use the same
formula to find the time to go up a
certain distance.
If you throw a ball upwards with just
enough velocity to go up a distance
of 35 m, how long will it take to reach
y
35
thet top?

7 2 .6 s
5

Exercise 1
A ball is thrown upward with an initial
velocity of 20 m/s. How long will it take
for the ball to reach its maximum y
height?
m
v0 20
Given:
Solution:
v v gt
y

vy 0
m
g 10.0 2
s

Find:
t ?

0y

0 20 10t
t 2s

v0 y 20

m
s

g 10.0

m
s2

Dropping With Initial Velocity

Exercise 2
A ball is thrown downward from the
top of a roof with a speed of 25 m/s.
Find the instantaneous velocity of the
y
ball
in
2
seconds.
Given :
m
v 25
s
Solution :
v0 y 25m / s
0y

t 2s

v y v y 0 gt

g 10.0m / s 2
Find :

v y 25 10(2) 45m / s

vy ?

g 10.0

m
s2

ConcepTest 2.8b
When throwing a ball straight up,
which of the following is true

Acceleration II
1) both v = 0 and a = 0
2) v 0, but a = 0

about its velocity v and its

3) v = 0, but a 0

acceleration a at the highest point

4) both v 0 and a 0

in its path?

5) not really sure

ConcepTest 2.8b

Acceleration II

When throwing a ball straight up,

which of the following is true

1) both v = 0 and a = 0
2) v 0, but a = 0

about its velocity v and its

3) v = 0, but a 0

acceleration a at the highest point

4) both v 0 and a 0

in its path?

5) not really sure

At the top, clearly v = 0 because the ball has

momentarily stopped. But the velocity of the
ball is changing, so its acceleration is definitely
not zero! Otherwise it would remain at rest!!

Follow-up: and the value of a is?

ConcepTest 2.9a
You throw a ball straight
up into the air. After it
leaves your hand, at what
point in its flight does it
have the maximum value
of acceleration?

Free Fall I

1) its acceleration is constant

everywhere
2) at the top of its trajectory
3) halfway to the top of its trajectory
4) just after it leaves your hand
5) just before it returns to your hand
on the way down

ConcepTest 2.9a
You throw a ball straight
up into the air. After it
leaves your hand, at what
point in its flight does it
have the maximum value
of acceleration?

Free Fall I

1) its acceleration is constant

everywhere
2) at the top of its trajectory
3) halfway to the top of its trajectory
4) just after it leaves your hand
5) just before it returns to your hand
on the way down

The ball is in free fall once it is released. Therefore, it is entirely under

the influence of gravity, and the only acceleration it experiences is g,
which is constant at all points.

ConcepTest 2.9b
Alice and Bill are at the top of a
building. Alice throws her ball
downward. Bill simply drops
his ball. Which ball has the
greater acceleration just after
release?

Free Fall II
1) Alices ball
2) it depends on how hard
the ball was thrown
3) neither -- they both have
the same acceleration
4) Bills ball

Alice
v0

Bill

vA

vB

ConcepTest 2.9b

Free Fall II

Alice and Bill are at the top of a

building. Alice throws her ball
downward. Bill simply drops
his ball. Which ball has the
greater acceleration just after
release?
Both balls are in free fall once they are
released, therefore they both feel the
acceleration due to gravity (g). This
acceleration is independent of the initial
velocity of the ball.

1) Alices ball
2) it depends on how hard
the ball was thrown
3) neither -- they both have
the same acceleration
4) Bills ball

Alice
v0

Bill

vA

vB

Follow-up: Which one has the greater velocity when they hit
the ground?

ConcepTest 2.10a Up in the Air I

You throw a ball upward with

1) more than 10 m/s

an initial speed of 10 m/s.

2) 10 m/s

Assuming that there is no air

3) less than 10 m/s

resistance, what is its speed

when it returns to you?

4) zero
5) need more information

ConcepTest 2.10a Up in the Air I

You throw a ball upward with

1) more than 10 m/s

an initial speed of 10 m/s.

2) 10 m/s

Assuming that there is no air

3) less than 10 m/s

resistance, what is its speed

when it returns to you?

4) zero
5) need more information

The ball is slowing down on the way up due to

gravity. Eventually it stops. Then it accelerates
downward due to gravity (again). Since a = g on
the way up and on the way down, the ball reaches
the same speed when it gets back to you as it had
when it left.

ConcepTest 2.10b Up in the Air II

Alice and Bill are at the top of a cliff of
height H. Both throw a ball with initial
speed v0, Alice straight down and Bill

1) vA < vB
2) vA = vB

straight up. The speeds of the balls when

they hit the ground are vA and vB. If there

3) vA > vB
4) impossible to tell

is no air resistance, which is true?

Alice
v0
vA

v0 Bill
H

vB

ConcepTest 2.10b Up in the Air II

Alice and Bill are at the top of a cliff of
height H. Both throw a ball with initial
speed v0, Alice straight down and Bill

1) vA < vB
2) vA = vB

straight up. The speeds of the balls when

they hit the ground are vA and vB. If there

3) vA > vB
4) impossible to tell

is no air resistance, which is true?

Bills ball goes up and comes back

down to Bills level. At that point, it is
moving downward with v0, the same
as Alices ball. Thus, it will hit the
ground with the same speed as
Alices ball.

Alice
v0
vA

v0 Bill
H

vB

Follow-up: What happens if there is air resistance?

Projectile Motion
2-D Kinematics

Projectile Motion

A projectile is any object that is given an

initial velocity or dropped and then follows a
path determined entirely by the effects of
gravity.
Projectiles - batted baseball, a thrown football,
a package dropped from an airplane, a bullet
shot from a rifle.
The path followed
by a projectile
is called its
trajectory.
The trajectory of a
projectile is
a parabola.

Horizontally Launched
Projectile

Horizontal and Vertical Motion

We can analyze projectile motion as a
combination of horizontal motion with
constant velocity and vertical motion
with constant acceleration.

3-5 Projectile Motion

It can be understood by
analyzing the horizontal and
vertical motions separately.

Independence of Horizontal and

Vertical Components
The vertical force acts perpendicular to the horizontal motion and
will not affect it since perpendicular components of motion are
independent of each other. Thus, the projectile travels with a constant
horizontal velocity and a downward vertical acceleration.

Independence of Horizontal and

Vertical Motion Demo
Two balls released
simultaneously.
One ball dropped
freely, another
projected
horizontally
Both balls fall the
same vertical
distance in equal
times.

3-5 Projectile Motion

The speed in the x-direction
is constant; in the ydirection the object moves
with constant acceleration g.
This photograph shows two balls
that start to fall at the same time.
The one on the right has an initial
speed in the x-direction. It can be
seen that vertical positions of the
two balls are identical at identical
times, while the horizontal
position of the yellow ball
increases linearly.

Projectile Motion
Vertical motion:
Vertical downward acceleration:

a y g 10.0m / s

v y v0 y gt
1 2
y v0 y t gt
2

Vertical velocity is constantly

changing

v x v0 x
Horizontal
Horizontal
velocity ismotion:
never changing

x v0 x t

Practice Problem
The boy on a tower (h = 5m) throws a ball a
distance of 20m. At what speed is the ball
thrown?
Solution:
Given:
x 20.0m
v0 y 0m / s

m
g 10.0 2
s
h 5.00m

Vertical:

v0 x ?

Find:
v ?
0x

1 2
y v0Horizontal:
t

gt
y
2

1
h y gt 2
2
2h
t
g
t

2(5.00)
10.0

t= 1.00
s

x v0 x t
v0 x

x 20m

t
1s

v0 x 20m / s

Do Now
A stone is thrown horizontally at a
speed of
+5.0 m/s from the top of a cliff 80.0 m
high.
a. How long does it take the stone to
reach the bottom of a cliff?
b. How far from the base of the cliff
does the stone strike the ground?

Do Now
A stone is thrown horizontally at a
speed of
+5.0 m/s from the top of a cliff 80.0 m
high.
a. How long does it take the stone to
reach the bottom of a cliff?
b. How far from the base of the cliff
does the stone strike the ground?
v0 x 5m / s

h 80.0m

x ?

Given:
Solution:
Horizontal:
v0 x 5m / sVertical:
h 80.0m

Find:
a) t ?
b) x ?

y v0 y t

1 2
gt
2

h y
t

2h
g

1 2
gt
2

2(80.0m)
4.00 s
2
10.0m / s

x v0 x t

x (5.0m / s )(4.00 s ) 20.m

Conclusion

1. A projectile is any object upon which the only

force is _______,
2. Projectiles travel with a _____________ trajectory
due to the influence of gravity,
3. There are __________horizontal forces acting upon
projectiles and thus __________ horizontal
acceleration.
4. The horizontal velocity of a projectile is
____________
5. There is a vertical acceleration caused by gravity;
its value is _______________
6. The vertical velocity of a projectile changes by
______ m/s each second.
7. The horizontal motion of a projectile is

Conclusion

A projectile is any object upon which the only force

is gravity,
Projectiles travel with a parabolic trajectory due to
the influence of gravity,
There are no horizontal forces acting upon
projectiles and thus no horizontal acceleration,
The horizontal velocity of a projectile is constant (a
never changing in value),
There is a vertical acceleration caused by gravity;
its value is 9.8 m/s/s, down,
The vertical velocity of a projectile changes by 9.8
m/s each second,
The horizontal motion of a projectile is independent
of its vertical motion.

Do Now
A steel ball rolls with constant velocity
across a tabletop 0.950 m high. It rolls
off and hits the ground +0.352 m
horizontally from the edge of the table.
How fast was the ball rolling?

Given:
Solution:
Vertical:
Horizontal:
x 0.352
m
h 0.950m

Find:
v0 x ?

y v0 y t

1 2
gt
2

h y
2h
t
g

x v0 x t

1 2
gt
2

2(0.950)
0.436s
2
10.0m / s

v0 x
v0 x

0.352

0.807 m / s
0.436

Horizontally Launched
Projectile

Non-Horizontally Launched
Projectile
A cannonball is
shot at an upward
angle.
The cannonball
falls the same
amount of distance
in every second as
it did when it was
falling down.

3-5 Projectile Motion

If an object is launched at an initial angle of 0
with the horizontal, the analysis is similar
except that the initial velocity has a vertical
component.

Horizontal and Vertical Velocity

The horizontal component is always the

same.
The vertical component changes.
At the top of the parabola vertical velocity
= 0.

True or False?
The velocity of a projectile at its
highest point is zero.
False; only vertical component is
zero, not velocity itself. The velocity
at the highest point is equal to its
horizontal component.

Range and Projection Angles

Same initial speed, neglect air resistance
At different angles projectiles reach
different heights and have different
horizontal ranges.
Angles that add up
to 90 degrees
have the same
range.
The longest range
has a
45 degree angle.

Projectile Motion With Air Resistance

With air resistance the range is
diminished.
The path is not a true parabola.

Follow-Up Question:
Describe the vertical and horizontal
components of a projectile launched at
an angle.

Range Formula
Derive a formula for the horizontal
v0
0 in terms of
range R of a projectile
1 2
1 2
and
.
y y0 v0 y t gt
0 0 v t gt
2

1 2
gt 0
y t t:
Solvev0for
2
1
t (v0 y gt ) 0
2 or

0y

t 0

1
v0 y gt 0
2
2v0 y
t
g

Range Formula
2v0 y
R x v0 x t v0 x
g

v0 x v0 cos 0
v0 y v0 sin 0
2v0 y (v0 cos 0 )(2v0 sin 0 )

R v0 x
g
g
2(v0 sin )(v0 cos ) sin 2

(v0 cos 0 )(2v0 sin 0 ) v0 sin 2 0

R

g
g
2

v0 sin 2 0
R
g
2

3-6 Solving Problems Involving

Projectile Motion
Read the problem carefully, and choose the object(s)
you are going to analyze.
1.

2. Draw a diagram.
3. Choose an origin and a coordinate system.
4. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in both
directions, and includes only the time the object is
moving with constant acceleration g.
5. Examine the x and y motions separately.
6. List know and unknown quantities.
7. Plan how you will proceed. Use the appropriate
equations; you may have to combine some of them.

Projectile Launched at an Angle

Problem
You shoot a rocket at an angle of
40.0relative to the horizontal. The rocket
has an initial speed of 30.0 m/s.
a)What are the horizontal and vertical components
of the rockets initial velocity?
b) After 1.00 second of flight, how high is the
rocket?
c) After 1.00 second of flight, how far horizontally
has the rocket traveled?
d) How long will it take the rocket to travel to its
highest point?

a) Given:
v0 30.0m / s
40.00
Find: v0 x ?
v0 y ?

Solution:
v0 x v0 cos
v0 x (30.0m / s ) cos(40.0 0 ) 23.0m / s
v0 y v0 sin
v0 y (30.0m / s ) sin 40.00 19.3m / s

b) Given:
v0 y 19.3m / s
t 1.00 s

Solution:
1 2
y v0 y t gt
2

Find: y-?

1
y (19.3m / s )(1.00 s ) (10m / s 2 )(1.00s ) 2 19.3m 5.00m 14.3m
2

c) Given:
v0 x 23.0m / s
t 1.00 s
Find: x-?

Solution:
x v0 x t
x ( 23.0m / s )(1.00 s ) 23.0m

d) Given:
v0 y 19.3m / s
vy 0
Find: t-?

Solution:
v y v0 y gt

v y v0 y
g

0 19.3m / d
t
2.30 s
2
10.0m / s

ConcepTest 3.10a Shoot the Monkey I

You are trying to hit a friend with a
water balloon. He is sitting in the
window of his dorm room directly
across the street. You aim straight
at him and shoot. Just when you
shoot, he falls out of the window!
Does the water balloon hit him?

1) yes, it hits
2) maybe it depends on
the speed of the shot
3) no, it misses
4) the shot is impossible
5) not really sure

Assume that the shot does have

enough speed to reach the dorm
across the street.

ConcepTest 3.10a Shoot the Monkey I

You are trying to hit a friend with a
water balloon. He is sitting in the
window of his dorm room directly
across the street. You aim straight
at him and shoot. Just when you
shoot, he falls out of the window!
Does the water balloon hit him?
Your friend falls under the
influence of gravity, just like the
water balloon. Thus, they are
both undergoing free fall in the
y-direction. Since the slingshot
was accurately aimed at the
right height, the water balloon
will fall exactly as your friend
does, and it will hit him!!

1) yes, it hits
2) maybe it depends on
the speed of the shot
3) no, it misses
4) the shot is impossible
5) not really sure

Assume that the shot does have

enough speed to reach the dorm
across the street.

ConcepTest 3.10b Shoot the Monkey II

Youre on the street, trying to hit a
friend with a water balloon. He sits
in his dorm room window above
your position. You aim straight at
him and shoot. Just when you
shoot, he falls out of the window!
Does the water balloon hit him??

1) yes, it hits
2) maybe it depends on
the speed of the shot
3) the shot is impossible
4) no, it misses
5) not really sure

Assume that the shot does

have enough speed to reach
the dorm across the street.

ConcepTest 3.10b Shoot the Monkey II

Youre on the street, trying to hit a
friend with a water balloon. He sits
in his dorm room window above
your position. You aim straight at
him and shoot. Just when you
shoot, he falls out of the window!
Does the water balloon hit him??

This is really the same

situation as before!! The only
change is that the initial
velocity of the water balloon
now has a y-component as
well. But both your friend and
the water balloon still fall with
the same acceleration -- g !!

1) yes, it hits
2) maybe it depends on
the speed of the shot
3) the shot is impossible
4) no, it misses
5) not really sure

Assume that the shot does

have enough speed to reach
the dorm across the street.

ConcepTest 3.10c Shoot the Monkey III

Youre on the street, trying to hit a
friend with a water balloon. He sits in
his dorm room window above your
position and is aiming at you with HIS
water balloon! You aim straight at
him and shoot and he does the same
in the same instant. Do the water
balloons hit each other?

1) yes, they hit

2) maybe it depends on the
speeds of the shots
3) the shots are impossible
4) no, they miss
5) not really sure

ConcepTest 3.10c Shoot the Monkey III

Youre on the street, trying to hit a
friend with a water balloon. He sits in
his dorm room window above your
position and is aiming at you with HIS
water balloon! You aim straight at
him and shoot and he does the same
in the same instant. Do the water
balloons hit each other?

1) yes, they hit

2) maybe it depends on the
speeds of the shots
3) the shots are impossible
4) no, they miss
5) not really sure

This is still the same

situation!! Both water
balloons are aimed straight at
each other and both still fall
with the same acceleration -- g
!!
Follow-up: When would they NOT hit each other?

ConcepTest 3.4b
Now the cart is being pulled
along a horizontal track by an
external force (a weight
hanging over the table edge)
and accelerating. It fires a ball
straight out of the cannon as it
moves. After it is fired, what
happens to the ball?

Firing Balls II

1) it depends upon how much the

track is tilted
2) it falls behind the cart
3) it falls in front of the cart
4) it falls right back into the cart
5) it remains at rest

ConcepTest 3.4b
Now the cart is being pulled
along a horizontal track by an
external force (a weight
hanging over the table edge)
and accelerating. It fires a ball
straight out of the cannon as it
moves. After it is fired, what
happens to the ball?

Firing Balls II

1) it depends upon how much the

track is tilted
2) it falls behind the cart
3) it falls in front of the cart
4) it falls right back into the cart
5) it remains at rest

Now the acceleration of the cart is completely unrelated to the ball. In

fact, the ball does not have any horizontal acceleration at all (just like
the first question), so it will lag behind the accelerating cart once it is
shot out of the cannon.

ConcepTest 3.4c
The same small cart is
now rolling down an
inclined track and
accelerating. It fires a
ball straight out of the
cannon as it moves.
After it is fired, what
happens to the ball?

Firing Balls III

1) it depends upon how much the track is tilted

2) it falls behind the cart
3) it falls in front of the cart
4) it falls right back into the cart
5) it remains at rest

ConcepTest 3.4c
The same small cart is
now rolling down an
inclined track and
accelerating. It fires a
ball straight out of the
cannon as it moves.
After it is fired, what
happens to the ball?

Firing Balls III

1) it depends upon how much the track is tilted

2) it falls behind the cart
3) it falls in front of the cart
4) it falls right back into the cart
5) it remains at rest

Because the track is inclined, the cart accelerates. However, the ball
has the same component of acceleration along the track as the cart
does! This is essentially the component of g acting parallel to the
inclined track. So the ball is effectively accelerating down the incline,
just as the cart is, and it falls back into the cart.

3-6 Solving Problems Involving

Projectile Motion
Projectile motion is motion with constant
acceleration in two dimensions, where the
acceleration is g and is down.

x v x0 t
y v y0 t

1 2
gt
2

3-6 Solving Problems Involving

Projectile Motion
1.

Read the problem carefully, and choose the object(s)

you are going to analyze.

2. Draw a diagram.
3. Choose an origin and a coordinate system.
4. Decide on the time interval; this is the same in both
directions, and includes only the time the object is
moving with constant acceleration g.
5. Examine the x and y motions separately.
6. List know and unknown quantities.
7. Plan how you will proceed. Use the appropriate
equations; you may have to combine some of them.

3-7 Projectile Motion Is Parabolic

In order to demonstrate that
projectile motion is parabolic,
we need to write y as a function
of x. When we do, we find that it
has the form:

This is
indeed the
equation for
a parabola.

Do Now
While skiing, Ellen encounters an
icy bump, which she leaves
horizontally at 12.0 m/s.
How far out , horizontally from
her starting point will Ellen land
if she drops a distance of 7.00 m
in the fall?

Dropping With Initial Velocity

Exercise 1
A ball is thrown downward from the
top of a roof with a speed of 25 m/s.
Find the instantaneous velocity of the
ball in 2 seconds.

Average Speed
During the span of a second time
interval a falling object begins at -10
m/s and ends at
-20 m/s . What is
the average speed of the object
during this 1-second interval? What
v is its
v acceleration?
10m / s (20m / s )
initial

final

15m / s

The acceleration is -10 m/s.

3. $20+
$10x(3s)=$50

4. 20+10x3=50
v vinitial gt m/s
5. $50-10x(time)=0
time=5s
6. 5s
7. 0 m/s
8. 10 m/s, 20 m/s

1. 125 m
2. 105m
3. a. 30 m/s
b. vinitial v final 0m / s 30m / s 15m / s
2
2
c. 45 m
x

1 2
gt
2

1 2
4. x v
at
initialt
2

1
2
x 10 3 10(3) 75m
2

Problem 1.
A long jumper leaves the ground with an
initial velocity of 12 m/s at an angle of 28degrees above the horizontal. Determine the
time of flight, the horizontal distance, and the
peak height of the long-jumper.
Given: