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LOADS ON BRIDGES
contents
3.1
Loads on bridges
3.2 Dead loads on highway and railway
bridges Fig(3-1)
3.3 Live loads on bridges
3.4 Impact loads
3.5 Centrifugal force Fig(3-4)
3.6 Temperature effect ((5-5),(6-5)) Fig(3-4)
3.7 Wind pressure
((5-9),(6-9)) Fig(3-5) , Fig (3-6)
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kg/ m2
kg/ m2
of
for roadway
W2 = 100 + 3 L
W = W 1 + W2
kg/ m2
of bridge
L = effective span of bridge in meter
Rail
m 1.5
Rail
Sleeper
Sleeper
h = L/ 10
cm 100
B = Bridge Width
Railway Through Bridge
W2
bs
0.5
W1
B
W2
0.5
bs
a
'b
Roadway Open Through Bridge
Side Walk Outside
W1
bs
bs
a
'b
Roadway Open Through Bridge
Side Walk Inside
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Fig(3-1)
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Locomative = 100 t
12.5
12.5
Tender = 80 t
12.5
10
6.25 6.25
1.5
1.75
1.75
1.5
1.5
10.5 m[ t 100]
10
1.8
10
1.8
Locomative = 100 t
12.5
10
1.8
12.5
Tender = 80 t
12.5
10
6.25 6.25
1.5
1.5
8.4 m[ t 80]
1.75
1.75
1.5
1.5
10.5 m[ t 100]
18.9 m[ t 180]
10
1.8
10
1.8
10
1.8
8.4 m[ t 80]
18.9 m[ t 180]
't/m 9.52
Wagon = 80 t
10
1.5
1.5
10
1.75
10
5.5
12 m[ t 80]
m 12
't/m 6.666
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10
1.75
1.5
t 10
t 10
t 10
kg/m 5002
0.6
kg/m 5002
)With Impact(
0.2
t 10
t 10
t 10
t5
t5
t5
0.6
0.2
t5
t5
t5
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)With Impact(
Fig(3-3)
Foot Bridges
It shall be designed for uniform load of 500 kg/ m2, without
impact(5-2-4).
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3.4 Impact loads
Impact is the dynamic effect on the bridge due to the
moving loads. If we measure the deflection at a certain
point of the bridge for slowly moving train (static L.L), and
for rapidly moving train (static L.L + Impact), the increase
of deflection in the later case is due to impact.
The chief factors causing Impact are:1.Roughness and unevenness of the track of a railway
bridge or of the roadway surface of a roadway bridge.
The smoother of the surface the smaller will be the
impact. In Railway Bridge the joints of rails increase the
impact. It is recommended to use long rails on bridges or
to weld the joints.
2.Irregular and eccentric wheels are defective springs.
The proportion
Im pact
I
Live Load L
24
I
24 L
where,
0.25 I 0.75
24
I
0.83 0.75
24 5
use I = 0.75
24
I
0.704 0.75
24 2 5
use I = 0.704
24
0.325 0.25
For M.G. I
24 50
use I = 0.325
For X.G.
For X.G.
24
I
0.83 0.75
24 5
24
I
0.546 0.75
24 2 2 5
use I = 0.75
use I = 0.546
For M.G.
24
I
0.194 0.25
24 2 50
use I = 0.25
I 0.40 0.008L
L = loaded length
(R = 400 600 m)
(V = 70 90 km/ hr)
C is a horizontal force acting at the center of gravity of
masses 2.00 above the top of rail (6.4.1) . It produces an
increase of the vertical reaction on the outside rail and a
decrease of the vertical reaction on the inside rail.
3000
C
(in tons) (5-4)
For Roadway bridges,
R 150
R = radius of curve in m
C = centrifugal force in tons every 50 m
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10 = F1tL
110 = S1tL
get 10
F12 L
11
EA
10 + X111 = 0
S1 t L
10
X1
11
2 L
S1 EA
E = 2100 t/cm2
for steel.
E = 1000 t/cm2
E = 210 t/cm2
for concrete
bs
bs
B
Curb
Side walk
Stringer
.X.G
Bracket
'b
Loads on Side Walk
C
Outsi
de R a
il
2
eR
Insid
ail
W
Centrifugal Force
X1= 1t
X1= 1t
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L
Temperature Force
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Fig(3-4)
kg/m 200
Wind Loads
m 3.50
kg/m 100
Unloaded
Loaded
m 3.50
kg/m 100
B = Bridge Width
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Loaded
B = Bridge Width
Fig(3-5)
kg/m 100
kg/m 100
kg/m 200
kg/m 100
kg/m 100
kg/m 200
Wind Loads
Unloaded
Loaded
Unloaded
Loaded
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Fig(3-6)
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(= ](L - 6) 30.50 +
Braking force
B/ 2
.X.G
B/ 2
Width of bridge
Width of bridge
My max = B*a = M
.X.G
.X.G
B/ 2
.X.G
B/ 2
B/ 2
B/ 2
.M.G
.M.G
B/ 2
.M.G
.M.G
.X.G
B
stringer
stringer
.X.G
stringer
.X.G
.X.G
B
B/ 2
B/ 2
B/ 2
B/ 2
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.X.G
width of bridge
12.5
12.5
12.5
10
10
10
12.5
10
6.25
12.5
12.5
10
10
10
10
6.25
.M.G
2
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.75
1.75
L=Span of bridge
Max. L.L. = Max. Sum of wheel loads on the bridge span
.B = {]Max. L.L./ 7[ } / No. of X.G
1.8
1.8
1.8
Figure (3-7)
.X.G
.M.G
t6
.X.G
t6
stringer
.M.G
.M.G
.M.G
t6
.M.G
t6
stringer
stringer
stringer
.X.G
stringer
.M.G
t6
stringer
stringer
Lateral Shock
t6
.X.G
t6
.X.G
.X.G
t6
.X.G
t6
.X.G
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Fig(3-8)
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L 23
L12
Settlement of Supports
y1
y2
L 12
y3
L 23
Figure (3-9)
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