Overall Shell Energy Balance

Forms of Energy Generation:

(Se 1. Degradation of electrical energy
)

to heat

(Sn 2. Heat from nuclear source (by

)

fission)

(Sv 3. Heat from viscous dissipation

Energy
Let S = rate of heat
Generati
)
production per unit
on
volume (W/m3)

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical Shell Heat Balance:
wire (solid cylinder):

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Electrical Heat Source

Rate of Heat IN

The
Shell:

Area
perpendicular
to qr at r = r

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Electrical Heat Source

Rate of Heat OUT

The
Shell:

Area
perpendicular
to qr at r = r +
dr

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Electrical Heat Source

Generation = Volume X Se

The
Shell:

Too
small

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical Shell Heat Balance:
wire (solid cylinder):

Dividing

by

Q: Why did we divide

by and not by ?

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:

Taking

the limit as :

Q: Is this
correct?

NO!

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:

We must adhere to the

definition of the
derivative:

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:
Integrating:

Boundary
conditions:

Note: The problem

statement will tell you hints
about what boundary
conditions to use.

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:

Applying B.C. 1:
Because q has to be finite at r
= 0, all the terms with radius, r,
below the denominator must
vanish. Therefore:

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:

Substituting Fouriers
Law:

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

We now have:

Applying B.C. 2:

This is it!
But, we
rewrite it
into a
nicer
form

Electrical Heat Source

Consider an electrical
wire (solid cylinder):

Temperature
Profile:

Important assumptions:
1. Temperature rise is not large
so that k and Se are constant
& uniform.
2. The surface of the wire is
maintained at T0.
3. Heat flux is finite at the

Electrical Heat Source

Other important
notes

electrical
conductivity
Let:
current density

voltage drop over a length

These imply the

following :

Electrical Heat Source

Heat flux profile:

The stress profile

versus the
temperature
profile:

Temperature
Profile:

Electrical Heat Source

Quantities that might be asked for:
1.Maximum Temperature

Substituting r
= 0 to the
profile T(r):
2.Average Temperature Rise

3.Heat Outflow Rate at the

Surface

Electrical Heat Source

Examples for
Review:
Example 10.2-1 and Example
10.2-2
Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot,
Transport Phenomena, 2nd Ed., p.
295

Nuclear Heat Source

Consider a sphericalBefore doing a balance, let:
nuclear fuel assembly
volumetric heat rate of
(solid sphere):
production within the
fissionable material only
volumetric heat rate of
production at r = 0
Sn depends on radius
parabolically:

a dimensionless positive constant

Nuclear Heat Source

Consider a sphericalBefore doing a balance, let:
nuclear fuel assembly
(solid sphere):
temperature

profile in the
fissionable sphere

temperature profile in the

Alcladding
heat flux in the fissionable
sphere
heat flux in the Al cladding

Nuclear Heat Source

Consider a sphericalFor the fissionable material:
nuclear fuel assembly
(solid sphere):

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Electrical Heat Source

Generation = Volume X Sn

Too
small

Rate of Heat IN:

Rate of Heat OUT:
Generation:

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material:

No
generatio
n
here!
For the Al cladding:

Dividing by :

Dividing by :

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material:

No
generatio
n
here!
For the Al cladding:

Taking :

Taking :

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material:

No
generatio
n
here!
For the Al cladding:

Taking :

Taking :

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material:

No
generatio
n
here!
For the Al cladding:

Integrating:

Integrating:

Nuclear Heat Source

Boundary
Conditions:

Integrating:

For the fissionable material

Boundary
Conditions:

Integrating:

For the Al cladding

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material

Inserting Fouriers
Law:

For the Al cladding

Inserting Fouriers
Law:

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material

Boundary
Conditions:
At r = R(F),
T(F) = T(C)

For the Al cladding

Boundary
Conditions:
R(C)
At r = R(C),
R

(F)

T(C) = T0

Nuclear Heat Source

For the fissionable material

For the Al cladding

Overall Shell Energy Balance

Recall the Overall Shell Energy Balance:
Q by Convective
Transport

W by Molecular
Transport

Q by Molecular
Transport

Energy
Generati
W by
External on
Forces

Stead
yState!

Overall Shell Energy Balance

We need all these terms for viscous
dissipation:
Q by Convective
Transport

W by Molecular
Transport

Q by Molecular
Transport

How can we account

for all these terms
at once?

Combined Energy Flux Vector

We introduce something new to replace q:
Combined Energy Flux
Vector:
Convective
Energy Flux

Heat Rate from

Molecular Motion

Work Rate from

Molecular Motion

Combined Energy Flux Vector

We introduce something new to replace q:
Combined Energy Flux
Vector:

Recall the molecular stress

tensor:
When dotted
with v:
Substituting into
e:

Combined Energy Flux Vector

We introduce something new to replace q:
Combined Energy Flux
Vector:
Simplifying the boxed
expression:

Finally:

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:
We now make a
shell balance
shown in red on
the left.

Rate of
Energy IN:

Rate of
Energy
OUT:
When the combined energy flux vector is
used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:

We now make a
shell balance
shown in red on
the left.

Rate of
Energy IN:

Rate of
Energy
OUT:
When the combined energy flux vector is
used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:

Fouriers
Law:
Newtons
Law:

When the combined energy flux vector is

used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:

Substituting
the velocity
profile:
Integrating:

When the combined energy flux vector is

used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:
Boundary
Conditions:

After applying the B.C.:

When the combined energy flux vector is

used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:

Q: So where is
Sv?

After applying the B.C.:

When the combined energy flux vector is

used, the generation term will
automatically appear from e.

Viscous Dissipation Source

Consider the flow of an incompressible
Newtonian fluid between 2 coaxial cylinders:
Temperat
ure
Profile:

New Dimensionless
Number:
Dim.
Group
Brinkman,
Br

Ratio

viscous heat dissipation/

molecular heat transport

Equation

Viscous Dissipation Source

Scenarios when viscous heating is
significant:
1. Flow of lubricant between rapidly
moving parts.
2. Flow of molten polymers through dies in
high-speed extrusion.
3. Flow of highly viscous fluids in highspeed viscometers.
4. Flow of air in the boundary layer near
an earth satellite or rocket during
reentry into the earths atmosphere.