Heat Transfer by Radiation

Prof. Eckehard Specht

Dr. Ing. Ashok Kumar Nallathambi
Pavan Kumar Penumakala M.Tech

Institute of Fluid Dynamics & Thermodynamics

Otto von Guericke-University Magdeburg
Germany 39106
References: Heat and mass Transfer by Incropera, Cengel

Radiation

Waves and Particles Theory

Radiation does not require medium(solid or fluid)

Radiation can happen two bodies

separated by the medium colder than both
the bodies

Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon. However, the radiation emitted from interior

molecules is strongly absorbed by adjoining molecules. Therefore, it is approximated as
surface phenomenon.
All substances with temperature above absolute zero level continuously emit radiation
due to vibrational and rotational motions of molecules, atoms, and electrons of a
substance.
Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Transport of Radiative Energy

Particle Theory / Quantum Theory [Max Planck, 1900] :
propagation of collection of particles known as photons or quanta

e h

Plancks constant

frequency
Wave Theory [Maxwell, 1864] :
propagation of electromagnetic waves with a speed of light

Wavelength
c speed of light

Combining both natures

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

c 3 108 m/s

hc
e

OVGU, Magdeburg

Spectrum of Electromagnetic Radiation

Short Waves Cosmic rays, Gamma rays, X-rays, UV

Long Waves micro-waves, radio waves
Visible light 0.38 0.78 m
Thermal radiation little UV, visible and Infrared rays
Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Thermal Radiation
1. Spectral distribution - Magnitude of radiation varies with wavelength
2. Directional distribution - Magnitude of radiation varies with direction

Both magnitude of radiation at any wavelength and spectral distribution vary with
nature and temperature of emitting surface

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Radiation Intensity
Plane Angle

radian

Solid Angle

steradian

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Radiation Intensity

Solid Angle

Full sphere

Solid Angle
Solid angle associated with entire hemisphere

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Radiation Intensity

Radiation Spectral Intensity - I ,e

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Radiation Intensity

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Radiation Intensity

Total Emissive Power

For diffuse emitter ( a surface for which intensity of emitted
radiation is independent of direction)
Spectral Emissive Power
Total Emissive Power

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

steradian
10

Irradiation (incident radiation)

Irradiation Spectral Intensity - I ,i ( , , )

Spectral Irradiation - G

Total Irradiation - G G d
0

For diffuse
irradiation

Spectral Irradiation

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

OVGU, Magdeburg

Total Irradiation

11

Radiosity (total radiation leaving the surface = emitted + reflected)

Spectral Radiosity Intensity - I ,e r ( , , )
Spectral Radiosity - J

Total Radiosity - J J d
0

Diffuse reflector &

diffuse emitter

Ref: Incropera, Cengel

Spectral Radiosity

OVGU, Magdeburg

Total Radiosity

12

Blackbody Radiation
1. A blackbody absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wavelength and
direction
2. For a prescribed temperature and wavelength, no surface can emit more
energy than a blackbody
3. Although the radiation emitted by a blackbody is a function of wavelength and
temperature, it is independent of direction. Therefore, the blackbody is a
diffuse emitter.
G E ,b , T
Blackbody Cavity

Complete absorption

Diffuse emission from

aperature

Diffuse radiation of
inner surfaces

Blackbody radiation exists within the cavity irrespective of whether cavity surface is highly
reflecting or absorbing.
Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

13

BLACKBODY

Planck Distribution
Blackbody spectral intensity

Planck, 1959

h 6.626 1034 J.s

Universal Planck Constant

k 1.381 1023 J/K

Boltzmann Constant

co 2.998 108 m/s

Speed of light

Blackbody is a diffuse emitter. Therefore,

Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

14

BLACKBODY

Planck Distribution

Wiens Displacement
Law
max T 2898

Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

15

BLACKBODY

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Plancks Blackbody emissive power distribution,

Total emissive power

Eb T 4

Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Stefan-Boltzmann constant

5.678 109 W/m 2 .K 4

Total Emissive power of a blackbody is only a function of Temperature.
Total emissive intensity

Ref: Incropera

Ib

Eb

OVGU, Magdeburg

16

Emission from Real Surfaces

Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

17

Emission from Real Surfaces

Spectral, directional emissivity

Total, directional emissivity

Spectral, hemispherical emissivity

Total, hemispherical emissivity

Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

18

Emission from Real Surfaces

Directional distributions of total, directional emissivity

Ref: Incropera

OVGU, Magdeburg

19

Absorption, Reflection and Transmission

For a Radiation Balance on the medium,

Opaque : Transmission is zero ,

absorption and reflection are Surface
phenomenon

The surface absorption and reflcetion are responsible for

the perception of color

Due to selective reflection and absorption of the

Irradiation that is incedent from the sun or source of light.

Red : Preferentially absorbs blue,green and yellow color is due to emission at

a high temperature
and reflects red.
(incandescent )

Green : Preferentially absorbs blue, red and yellow

At Room Temperature,
and reflects green.
emission falls in IR region

Balance of Radiation :
Dividing each term of the relation by G

For Opaque surface

The Absorptivity is a property that determines the fraction

Absorptivity
:
of irradiation absorbed by a surface.
Spectral, directional absorptivity

he dependence of Temperature is small for most spectral radiative properties.

Spectral, hemispherical absorptivity

Total, hemispherical emissivity

Reflectivity is a property that determines the fraction

ReflectivityThe
:
of irradiation reflected by a surface.
Spectral, directional Reflectivity

Spectral, hemispherical absorptivity

Total, hemispherical emissivity

Diffusive and Specular Reflection

Transmissivity :
Spectral, hemispherical Transmissivity

Total, hemispherical Transmissivity

Special Considerations:
They are always positive and lies between 0 and 1

0, 1

Non Reflecting surface

Reflector,
1, 0, Perfect
0

0, 1

does not absorb or transmit

Opaque surface

1, 0, 0Perfect Transparent
0, Non
1 absorbing surface (also called white surface)

1, 0, Perfectley
0
absorbing surface (called black if it is dissu

Kirchhoff's Law :
A large isothermal enclosure of
surface
Temperature Ts forms a black
body
cavity. of its orientation, the
Regardless
irradiation expereinced by any
body in the cavity is diffusive
and equal to emission from a
blackG
body
at Ts
E
(T )
b

Radiative Exchange in an
isothermal enclosure

Under steday state , Thermal

equilibrium must exit between
the bodies and enclosure.

T1 T2 ...............Ts

Applying energy balance to a control surface

on body1, GA E (T ) A 0
1

E1 (Ts )

E1 (Ts )

Eb (Ts )

E2 (Ts )

......Eb (Ts )

2 ......1
1
2


, ,

Gray Surface:
The spectral, directional emissivity and absorptivity are equal

he first condition corresponds to the major assumption required for the Kirchhoff

Radiation Exchange Between surfaces :

Exchange strongly depends on the surface geometries and orientations.

urfaces are seperated by non participating medium , which has no effect on rad

Shape Factor / View Factor

View Factor Fij is defined as the fraction of radiation leaving the surface i that is
cepted by surface j

iew Factor : Fij is The fraction of radiation that leaves Ai and is intercepted by A

Similarly,

Fji is The fraction of radiation that leaves Aj and is

intercepted by Ai

Reciprocity Relation :

Shape Factor Relations:

Reciprocity Relation :

Summation Rule :

Superposition Rule :

Symmetry Rule :

Compute the Shape factors between different surfaces of the configurations

shown in the below figure
1
2

2
1

F21 1
F12 F11 1
A1 F12 A2 F21
F12
F11

A
2
A1
A2
1
A1

F12 F13 1
F12 F13 0.5
F21 F23 1
F23 1 F21
F23 1 F12
F23 1 0.5 0.5

F12 F11 1
A1 F12 A2 F21
F21 1
F12

A2
A1

Radiation Exchange between surfaces in an enclosure :

The surfaces - Opaque
Diffusive
Gray
0, 1

Net Radiation Exchange at a surface:

Driving potential
Surface radiative resistance
Net Radiation Exchange between surfaces:
The total rate at which radiation reaches surface i from all surfaces inluding i is

From the reciprocity relation,

And substituting in,

From summation rule,

Each component may be represented by a network element for which,

is driving potential
and

At node i,

is a space or geometrical resistance.

Blackbody Radiation Exchange :

Large surroundings , Real surfaces, that are coated with high emissivity finishes,
may be treated as hypothetical black surfaces.
The absorptivity of a black surface is unity , no reflcetion and radiosity is solely
of emitted energy.
Reduces to
Example

Solution

Two surface enclosure:

The simple enclosure of two surfaces that exchange radiation only with each other.

The net work reprsentation of enclosure is

Example
1.Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800 C and 300 C are 0.3
and 0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter for
these plates.
2. A pipe carrying steam having an outside diameter of 20cm runs in a large room
and is exposed to air at a temperature of 30 C. The pipe surface temperature is
400 C. Calculate the loss of heat to surroundings per metre length of pipe due to
thermal radiation. The emissivity of pipe surface is 0.8
what would be the loss of heat due to radiation if the pipe is enclosed in a
40cm diameter brick conduit of emissivity 0.91?

Radiation combined with Convection:

An approximate method for calculating the total heat transfer by both convection
and radiation is by the linear super position of heat fluxes due to these modes.

q qc qr
q hc (Tg Tw ) hr (Tg Tw ) (hc hr )(Tg Tw )
hc is the convective heat transfer coefficient and
hr is the radiative heat transfer coefficient

hr (Tg Tw ) (Tg 4 Tw 4 )
hr

(Tg 4 Tw 4 )
(Tg Tw )

(Tg 2 Tw 2 )(Tg Tw )