Pengantar Spektroskopi

ELECTROMAGNETIC
RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation, or light, is a

form of energy whose behavior is

described by the properties of both waves
and particles.
Diffraction light as a wave
Interact with matter light as a particle

Komponen medan listrik

An electromagnetic is characterized
by

Kecepatan
Amplitudo
Frekuensi
Sudut fase
Polarisasi
Propagasi
Wavelength
Wavenumber

Particle Properties of
Electromagnetic Radiation
When a sample absorbs electromagnetic
radiation it undergoes a change in energy
The interaction between the sample and
the electromagnetic radiation is easiest to
understand if we assume that
electromagnetic radiation consists of a
beam of energetic particles called photons
Energy photons, E = h = h c/
h= tetapan planck 6,62 x 10 -34J.s

Electromagnetic
Spectrum

spektroskopi
Photon sebagai sinyal
Secara umum dibagi 2
Spektroskopi absorpsi
Spektroskopi emisi

Spektroskopi Absorpsi
The energy carried by a photon is
absorbed by the analyte, promoting
the analyte from a lower-energy
state to a higher-energy, or excited,
state.

Absorbansi (A)
The intensity of photons passing
through a sample containing the
analyte is attenuated because of
absorption.
The measurement of this
attenuation, which we call
absorbance, serves as our signal

Spektrum Absorbansi

Emission
Emission of a photon occurs
when an analyte in a higherenergy state returns to a
lower-energy state.
Fotoluminesense: Emission
following the absorption of a
photon
Chemiluminesense: Emission
induced by a chemical reaction

Basic Components of Spectroscopic

Instrumentation

Sumber energy
Wavelength selection
Detectors
Signal processor

Energy source
Electromagnetic source
Continum: A source that emits radiation over
a wide range of wavelengths
Line: A source that emits radiation at only
select wavelengths

Thermal energy source

Flame: 2000 3400 K
Plasma:gas panas terionisasi, 6000 10000 K

Chemical source
Kunang-kunang

Wavelength selection
Filter: colored glass, ex purple glass
removes the complementary color
green from 500560 nm
Monokromator
Fixed wavelength
scanning

Interferometer

Detector
Transducer: A device that converts a
chemical or physical property, such
as pH or photon intensity, to an
easily measured electrical signal,
such as a voltage or current
S = kP + D
S = sinyal, P=power rem, D=dark
current

Transducer
Photon transducer
Phototubes & photomultiplier : photosensitive
surface absorbs UV, Vis, NIR radiation
producing electric current proportional to
number of photons reaching the transducer
Semiconductor photodiode array

Thermal transducer:
The absorption of infrared photons by a thermal
transducer increases its temperature, changing
one or more of its characteristic properties

Signal processor
A device, such as a meter or
computer, that displays the signal
from the transducer in a form that is
easily interpreted by the analyst

Spektroskopi serapan
In absorption spectroscopy a beam of
electromagnetic radiation passes through a
sample
At selected frequencies, however, the
radiations intensity is attenuated. This process
of attenuation is called absorption.
Two general requirements must be met if an
analyte is to absorb electromagnetic radiation.
Mekanisme interaksi antara rem dan analit
Energi harus sama dengan perbedaan energi
antara keadaan energi analit terkuantisasi

Mekanisme interaksi
For ultraviolet and visible radiation,
this interaction involves the
electronic energy of valence
electrons
Infrared radiation, A chemical bonds
vibrational energy

 E0 = ground
electronic
state
E1= first
electronic
excited state

Infrared Spectra for Molecules

and Polyatomic Ions
The energy of infrared radiation is
sufficient to produce a change in the
vibrational energy of a molecule or
polyatomic ion (see Table 10.1)
Vibrational energy levels are
quantized; that is, a molecule may
have only certain, discrete
vibrational energies. See Fic 10.14
The energy for allowed vibrational
modes, Ev

Vo = frekuensi vibrasi ikatan dasar,

ditentukan oleh jenis ikatan misal C-C
< C=C
Dv is 1 give rise to the fundamental
absorption lines
The number of possible normal
vibrational modes for a linear
molecule is 3N 5 , for a nonlinear
molecule is 3N 6

UV/Vis Spectra for Molecules

and Ions
When a molecule or ion absorbs
ultraviolet or visible radiation it
undergoes a change in its valence
electron configuration