Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Objective of Lecture
Describe the construction of a capacitor and
capacitance
Capacitors
Composed of two conductive plates separated
Effect of Dimensions
Capacitance increases with
increasing surface area of the plates,
decreasing spacing between plates, and
increasing the relative dielectric constant of the
insulator between the two plates.
Types of Capacitors
Fixed Capacitors
Nonpolarized
Electrolytic
Nonpolarized
Difficult to make nonpolarized capacitors that
http://www.marvac.com/fun/ceramic_capacitor_c
odes.aspx
Electrolytic
Pspice Symbols
Fabrication
http://www.digitivity.com/articles/2008/11/choosing-the-rightcapacitor.html
Variable Capacitors
Cross-sectional area is changed as one set of
PSpice
Symbol
http://www.tpub.com/neets/book2/3f.htm
MEMS Capacitor
MEMS (Microelectromechanical system)
Can be a variable capacitor by changing the
distance between electrodes.
Use in sensing applications as well as in RF
electronics.
http://www.silvaco.com/tech_lib_TCAD/simulationstandard/2005/aug/a3/
a3.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supercapacitor_diagra
m.svg
Electrical Properties of a
Capacitor
Properties of a Real
Capacitor
A real capacitor does dissipate energy due
leakage of charge through its insulator.
This is modeled by putting a resistor in
Energy Storage
Charge is stored on the plates of the
capacitor.
Equation:
Q = CV
Units:
Farad = Coulomb/Voltage
Farad is abbreviated as F
Sign Conventions
The sign convention used with a
Charging a Capacitor
At first, it is easy to store charge in the capacitor.
As more charge is stored on the plates of the
Adding Charge to
Capacitor
The ability to add charge to a capacitor
depends on:
the amount of charge already on the plates of
the capacitor
and
the force (voltage) driving the charge towards
the plates (i.e., current)
Discharging a Capacitor
At first, it is easy to remove charge in the capacitor.
Coulombic repulsion from charge already on the plates
creates a force that pushes some of the charge out of the
capacitor once the force (voltage) that placed the charge
in the capacitor is removed (or decreased).
As more charge is removed from the plates of the
Current-Voltage
Relationships
q CvC
dq
iC
dt
dvC
iC C
dt
t1
1
vC iC dt
C to
1
2
wC CvC
2
2
q
wC
2C
Capacitors in Parallel
dv
dv
i1 C1
i2 C2
dt
dt
i
dv
dv
i3 C3
i4 C4
dt
dt
dv
dv
dv
dv
iin C1 C2
C3
C4
dt
dt
dt
dt
dv
iin Ceq
dt
C eq C1 C2 C3 C4
Capacitors in Series
1
v1
C1
v3
1
C3
1
vin
C1
t1
1
v2
C2
idt
to
t1
idt
v4
to
t1
1
t idt C2
o
1
vin
Ceq
t1
t1
idt
to
1
C4
1
t idt C3
o
t1
idt
to
t1
1
t idt C4
o
t1
idt
to
t1
idt
to
C eq 1 C1 1 C2 1 C3 1 C4
Series Combination
If P capacitors are in
If S capacitors are in
parallel, then
series, then:
Ceq C P
p 1
Ceq
s 1 C s
S
Summary
Capacitors are energy storage devices.
An ideal capacitor act like an open circuit at steady
iC C
dt
vC
dt
to
capacitors
in parallel
P
series
C C
eq
p 1
Ceq
1 in
capacitors
S
C
s 1 s