 Explain the relationship between

carrying capacity and limiting factors

 Describe the two types of competition

 Distinguish between mutualism,

commensalism, and parasitism. Give
an example of co-evolution.
 Organisms interact with the biotic and
abiotic factors in their environment that
can control the size of the population

 Limiting Factors: a resource that is so

scarce that it limits the size of a
population
 Ex: food, water, living space…

 Carrying Capacity: the largest

population an environment can support;
limiting factors control population size
 Thereare 4 main ways that species
and individuals affect each other:
› COMPETITION

› PREDATORS & PREY

› SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

› CO-EVOLUTION
 When 2 or more individuals or populations
try to use the same resource, such as
food, water, shelter, space, or sunlight

 Competition within a population

› Ex: Elk population in Yellowstone – herbivores
competing for plants
 Competition between populations
› Ex: different species of trees competing for
sunlight
 Predator adaptations
› Ex: Cheetah running fast

 Prey adaptations
› Ex: Fire Salamander sprays poison
› warning colorations
› living in groups
 Camouflage
› Animals mimic twigs, leaves, stones to
blend in with their surroundings
 Defensive chemicals
› Ex: spines of a porcupine; skunk spray
› Ex: hooded pitohui has deadly toxins
 Warning coloration
› Common warning signs are bright color
shades of red, white, yellow, orange, black
A relationship in which 2 different
organisms live in close association with
each other

 Classified into 3 groups:

› MUTUALISM
› COMMENSALISM
› PARASITISM
 Relationship where both organisms
benefit

 Ex: E. coli bacteria in your gut

 Ex: coral and algae

 Oneorganism benefits, the other is
unaffected

 Ex: sharks and remora

 One organism benefits while the other
is harmed

 Parasite (benefits); host (harmed)

 Ex:ticks, tapeworms, tomato

hornworm
 Relationships
between organisms
change over time

A long-term change that takes place in

2 species because of their close
interactions with one another

 Ex: ant and acacia tree

 Flowershave changed over millions of
years to attract pollinators

 Flowersand their pollinators have

interacted so closely they have co-
evolved

 Ex: hummingbirds, bats, bees

 Explain
the difference between
mutualism and co-evolution.

 Cana predator ever be the prey for

another species?