SDH Alarms

SDH/SONET
ALARMS & PERFORMANCE MONITORING
www.mapyourtech.com
Contents
Standards
Alarms Introductions and Examples
Performance Monitoring Parameters
FAQs
www.mapyourtech.com
Standards
Bell Communications Research (Bellcore, BCR)
prepares equipment standards for North American community
ANSI Committee T1
prepares telecommunications standards (rates and formats)
creator of SONET
ANSI (American National Standards Institute) accredited
sponsored by ATIS (Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions)
ITU-T G.826,G.783
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarms Introductions and

Examples
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarm Overview
SDH Frame
5
www.mapyourtech.com
1. RS
2. MS
3. HP
4. AU
5. TU
6. LP
7. PPI
V1
V2
V5
The SDH Frame
R
S
O
H
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
E1
F1
J1
D1
D2
D3
B3
H1
H2
B2
B2
K1
K2
G1
VC-11
VC-12
VC-2
D4
D5
D6
F2
V5
V5
V5
D7
D8
D9
H4
25
34
106
D10
D11
D12
F3
N2
N2
N2
E2
K3
25
34
106
N1
K4
K4
K4
25
34
106
Z1
Z1
Z2
www.mapyourtech.com
H2
Z2
H2
M1
H3
H3
H3
Lower
order VC-n
POH
H1
S1
A1
B1
AU
H1
Pointe
r
B2
M
S
O
H
A1
VC-4 POH
Number of bytes
of data
separating
C2
RSOH [Regenerator Section Overhead]
A1, A2
RS-LOF
Provides a frame alignment pattern [A1 =11110110, A2 = 00101000]. The frame alignment word of an
STM-n frame is 3 X n A1 bytes followed by 3 X n A2 bytes.
J0
RS-TIM
Regenerator section trace. [16 byte frame including CRC7 (1 st byte.) Supports continuity testing
between transmitting and receiving device on each regenerator section.
Z0
B1
Spare. Reserved for future international standardisation.
RS-EXC
RS-DEG
Provides regenerator section monitoring. The regenerator section BIP-8 provides end-to-end error
performance monitoring across an individual regenerator section and is calculated over all bits of the
previous STM-n frame after scrambling. Computed value is placed in B1 byte before scrambling
E1
Provides local orderwire channel for voice communications between regenerators, hubs and remote
terminal locations.
F1
Allocated to users purpose [e.g. temporary data/voice channel connection for special maintenance
applications]
D1-D3
COMMS
192 kb/s message based data communications channel providing administration, monitor, alarm and
maintenance functions between regenerator section termination equipment
B1 Is not supported in OM4000 NEs due to

redundancy and this NE is primarily used as an
www.mapyourtech.com
ADM
SDH Frame
MSOH [Multiplex Section Overhead]
B2
MS-EXC
MS-DEG
Provides multiplex section error monitoring. The BIP-n X 24, of an STM-n frame, provides endto-end error performance monitoring across an individual multiplex section and is calculated
over all bits of the previous STM-n frame except for the first three rows of SOH. Computed
value is placed in B2 byte before scrambling.
K1, K2
MS-AIS
MS-RDI
Two bytes allocated for APS signalling for multiplex section protection.
COMMS
Provides 576 kb/s data communication channel between multiplex section termination
equipment. Used to carry network administration and maintenance information.
D4D12
S1
M1
Synchronisation status messages. S1 [b5-b8] indicates which of the four levels of

synchronisation is being used at the transmit end of a multiplex section.
MS-REI
E2
H1-H3
K2 [b6-b8] contains MS-RDI and MS-AIS status information.
Multiplex section remote error indication [MS-REI]. Conveys the number of B2 errors detected
by downstream equipment.
Provides express orderwire channel for voice communications between multiplex section
terminating equipment
AU-AIS
TU-AIS [TU-3]
AU-LOP
TU-LOP [TU-3]
AU pointer bytes are associated with, but not part of, the MSOH. The pointer contained in H1
and H2 points to the location where the VC-n begins. The last ten bits [b7-b16] of H1, H2 carry
the pointer value [0 to 782]. The H3 bytes are pointer action bytes and carry live information
from a VC4, during the STM-n frame in which negative pointer adjustment occurs
MSP Protocol Bytes

www.mapyourtech.com K1 [b1-4] type of request [b5-8]
channel number
K2 [b1-4] channel
SDH Frame
HO-POH [Higher order path Overhead]
J1
HP-TIM [VC-4]
LP-TIM [VC-3]
The first byte in the virtual container. Its location is indicated by the AU pointer [H1,H2
bytes]. Provides a higher order trail trace identifier [64-byte free format string or 16-byte
frame including CRC7. Supports end-to-end monitoring of a higher order path.
B3
HP-EXC
HP-DEG
LP-EXC+DEG [VC-3]
Provides higher order path error monitoring. The BIP-8 is calculated over all bits of
previous VC-n. Computed value is placed in B3 byte before scrambling.
C2
HP-AIS
LP-AIS [VC-3]
HP-UNEQ+PLM
LP-UNEQ+PLM [VC-3]
High order signal label. Indicates composition or the maintenance status of the associated
container.
G1
HP-REI + RDI
LP-REI + RDI [VC-3]
Higher order path status. Send status and performance monitoring information from
receiving path terminating equipment to originating equipment. Allows status and
performance of two-way path to be monitored at either end. G1 REI [b1-b4] RDI [b5]
F2
H4
Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations.
HP-LOM
Position indicator. Multiframe phase indication for TU structured payloads. H4 [b7-b8]
F3
Higher order path user channel. Allocated for network operator communications between
path terminations
K3
Higher order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4]. The rest of the bits [b5-b8] are
allocated for future use.
N1
Higher order tandem connection monitoring. There are two possible implementations
described in Annex C and Annex D of ITU-T G.707. In Annex C, the N1 byte provides a
tandem connection incoming error count [IEC] and the remaining four bits provide an endto-end data link
www.mapyourtech.com
SDH Frame
LO-POH [Lower order path Overhead]
V5
[VC-12]
LP-AIS
Provides BIP-2 error checking, signal label and path status information.
J2
LP-TIM [VC-12]
Lower order trail trace identifier [16 byte frame including CRC7]. Supports endto-end monitoring of a lower order path
[b5-b7]
LP-REI
[b3]
LP-RDI
[b8]
LP-EXC
[b1-b2]
LPUNEQ [b5-b7]
LP-PLM
[b5-b7]
N2
Lower order tandem connection monitoring. Contains BIP-2 error checking, AIS,
tandem connection REI [TC-REI], outgoing error indication [OEI] and a 76-byte
multiframe containing a tandem connection access point identifier [TC-APid].
K4
Lower order path automatic protection switching [b1-b4] and enhanced remote
defect indication [b5-b7].
SDH Frame
10
www.mapyourtech.com
Anomalies, defects and alarms
Alarm
A human observable indication that draws attention to a failure usually giving an
indication of the severity of the fail

The report to the user of a defect
Anomaly
The smallest discrepancy which can be observed between the actual and desired
characteristics of an item. The occurrence of a single anomaly does not constitute an

interruption in the ability to perform a required function. Anomalies are used as the
input for the Performance Monitoring [PM] process and for the detection of defects
A single occurrence of, or commencement of a pre-defined condition
Defect
The density of anomalies has reached a level where the ability to perform a required
function has been interrupted. Defects are used as input for PM, the control of
consequent actions, and the determination of faults cause
The persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly for a pre-defined
duration or number of repetitions
11
www.mapyourtech.com
Defect naming
The origin of defect naming can be confusing.

The following points should help when dealing with the nomenclature
Defects derived from path overheads begin: LP, HP, LPOM or HPOM.
Defects derived from section overheads begin: RS or MS.
Defects related to conditions affecting a whole VC and its pointer begin: AU or TU. AU is used for VC-4s.
TU is used for TU-3s, TU-2s and TU-12s. Defect types beginning TU are not distinguishable.
When distinguishing LP and LPOM remember that LPs will be present when traffic is terminated and
LPOMs when traffic is un-terminated.
A defect type (e.g. LP-EXC) has two parts:

Part 1 is a "function point
Part 2 is an "alarm category".
Example: LP-EXC. This defect is detected at the LP function point - the "low order path termination"
function point. The category of the defect is "EXC" - EXCessive bit errors.
Excessive bit errors in a VC-3 will give an LP-EXC defect, as will excessive bit errors in a
VC-12. The two defects share their type but they have distinct instances. When the corresponding alarm is
reported to the user the type and instance will be reported.
12
www.mapyourtech.com
Defect Correlation
If a defect is subject to correlation
it will NOT be raised if another alarm is present.
Aim of defect correlation
The aim of correlation is to present to the operator only the alarm closest to the
source cause of a set of related defects. This reduces the amount of fault
analysis required of the operator and the traffic on communication channels.
Example:
If EXC is present it will hide the presentation of TIM, PLM, UNEQ etc.
More specifically EXC will mask TIM, PLM and UNEQ alarms.
HP-EXC
A masks B
HP-TIM
13
HP-PLM
www.mapyourtech.com
HP-UNEQ
Plug In Unit Defect Correlation
Plug In Unit [PIU] related defects

For a given instance of PIU in a slot
All defects present within that PIU will be masked
A
Card
Fail
Card
Fault
Wrong
Card
Unexpected
Card
= A masks B
14
Alarm raised on the card/slot

instance
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH Traffic Defect Correlation
A
PPI
LOS
PPI UNEXP
SGNL
= A masks B
PPI DEG
PPI EXC
PPI AIS
PPI LOF
PPI LOM
15
www.mapyourtech.com
INT LP IP
BUFFER
INT HP IP
BUFFER
SDH traffic DEFECT correlation

RS LOS
RS UNEXPECTED
SIGNAL
ES CMI
= A masks B
B
RS LOF
A
QECC COMMS
FAIL
RS TIM
MS AIS
MS RDI
= A masks B,
dependent on AIS
consequent action
configuration of A
B
MS RDI
MS EXC
MS DEG
AU LOP
AU AIS
16
HPOM
EXC
www.mapyourtech.com
HPOM
HPOM
HPOM
HP EXC
INT HP OP
BUFF
HP DEG
HP
LOM
PPI LOF
HP TIM
HP PLM
HP
UNEQ
HP RDI
HP REI
TU LOP
TU AIS
A
INT TU LOP
= "A masks B if
B's TU type is
TU-12"
INT TU AIS
LPOM EXC
LPOM TIM
LPOM
PLM
LPOM
UNEQ
LP EXC
INT LP OP
BUFFER
17
LP
DEG
www.mapyourtech.com
LP TIM
LP
PLM
LP
UNEQ
LP RDI
LP REI
What is a path?
A path is an end to end circuit
The ends of a LO path are where traffic is brought into SDH or removed from SDH
Paths carry VCs
LO VCs are
generated where traffic is brought into SDH
and terminated where it is removed
HO VCs are
Generated / terminated where traffic is brought into SDH or when LO VCs are brought
into / removed from a HO VC
Low Order Path
High Order Path
Multiplexer
Regenerator
18
www.mapyourtech.com
Carrying a 2 Meg circuit in a STM frame
2M example where
High order paths are
encased in STM frames when they pass between nodes
Low order paths are
threaded through high order paths
19
www.mapyourtech.com
RS
MS
HO path
LO path
2M PDH
2M trib
STM-1 tributary with a
LO connection
Multiplexor
Regenerator
SONET Layers
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
DS1
DS3
Section
Terminating
Equipment
(STE)
Line
Terminating
Equipment
(LTE)
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
VT Path
VT Path
STS Path
STS Path
Line
Line
Line
DS3
STS Path
Line
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Photonic
Photonic
Photonic
Photonic
Photonic
Section
Section
Line
VT Path
www.mapyourtech.com
Section
Section
Line
Line
STS Path
STS Path
20
Path
Terminating
Equipment
(PTE)
DS1
SDH Section Hierarchy
There are four sections Regenerator Section (RS), Multiplex Section (MS), Higher
Order Path Section (HP), and Lower Order Path Section (LP)
RS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which RSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened
MS is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which MSOH part of SDH frame
is NOT opened
HP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which higher order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting HOPOH)
LP is a part (section) of the optical fibre network, within which lower order VC part of
SDH frame is NOT opened (it may be opened only for interpreting LOPOH)
21
www.mapyourtech.com
Downlink signal flow & High order part

High order part
SDH
Interface cross-connect
unit
PDH interface
Downlink
signal flow
22
www.mapyourtech.com
SDH
Interface
Uplink signal flow & Low order part
SDH
Interface cross-connect
unit
PDH interface
Uplink signal
flow
23
www.mapyourtech.com
Low order part
SDH
Interface
Two Common Alarms

AIS (Alarm Indication
Signal)
Inserts the all 1s signal into the Low level circuits, Indicating that the signal is
unavailable. Common AIS alarms include MS_AIS, AU_AIS, TU_AIS and E1_AIS.
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

Indicates the alarm transferred back to the home station from
the opposite station after the opposite station has detected
alarms of LOS (loss of signal), AIS and TIM (trace identifier
mismatch). Common RDI alarms include MS_RDI, HP_RDI and
LP_RDI.
24
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarms & Performance of High Order

Part
SDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
Uplink signal
Flow
A
STM-N
B
SPI
SPI
C
RST
RST
D
MST
MST
E
MSP
MSP
F
MSA
MSA
Downlink signal
Flow
25
www.mapyourtech.com
G
HPT
HPT
Cross-connect
Unit

Part
Diagram of Alarm Generation
Frame synchronizer& RS MS overhead processor
overhead processor
(RST)
STMN
Optic
al
Signal
LOS
A1,A2
B1
(MST)
LOF
AIS
K2
B1
Err
B2
M1
K2
MS_AIS
B2
Err
MS_REI
MS_RDI
Downlink signal flow

Signal transfer point (Insert
down all "1"s signal)
26
www.mapyourtech.com
Pointer processor& HP
overhead processor
(MSA, HPT)
AIS
H1,H2
H1,H2
AU_AIS
AU_LOP
HP_TIM
J1
HP_UNE
C2
Q
HP_SLM
C2
HP_LOM
H4
B3
B3
Err
HP_REI
G1
HP_RDI
G1
Alarm report or return

Alarm termination point
(Report to SCC unit)
X
C
S

Part
Downlink Signal Flow
Frame synchronizer and RS overhead processor
Optical receiving
Optical/electrical conversion (O/E)
O/E module checks Optical signal (If no light in the input signal, optical
power excessively low or high or the code type mismatch, R_LOS alarm
will be reported)
A1, A2 and J0 bytes detecting
Search the framing bytes (R_OOF, R_LOF)
Extract the line synchronous timing source
J0 byte (J0_MM)
Scramble
B1 byte detecting
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B1_SD, B1_EXC, SES, RSUAT)
Process F1, D1 - D3 and E1 bytes
27
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
MS overhead processor
K1 and K2 bytes detecting
SF and SD detection
Process D4D12, S1 and E2 bytes
MSP protection function
MS_AIS, MS_RDI
B2 byte detecting
28
BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B2_SD and B2_OVER)

M1 bytes (MS_REI)
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Pointer processor and HP overhead
processor
H1 and H2 bytes detecting
Frequency and phase alignment

Locate each VC-4 and send it to High order path overhead processor
Generate AU_AIS, AU_LOP
J1, C2, B3 and G1 bytes detecting
29
J1 Bytes (HP_TIM)
C2 Bytes (HP_UNEQ, HP_SLM)
B3 bit error detecting (B3_SD, B3_OVER, SES, HVCUAT)
H4 Bytes (For VC12 signal, HP_LOM)
G1 Bytes (HP_RDI, HP_REI)
F3, K3, N1 Bytes (Reserved)
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Uplink Signal Flow
Pointer processor and HP overhead processor
Generates N High order path overhead bytes
J1, C2, B3, G1, F2, F3 and N1 Bytes
Return alarm to the remote end
AU-4 pointers generating
30
HP_RDI (G1)
HP_REI (G1)
Pointer processor generates N AU-4 pointers
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Uplink Signal Flow
MS overhead processor
Set multiplex section overhead (MSOH) Bytes
31
K1, K2, D4-D12, S1, M1, E2 and B2 Bytes
Return alarm to the remote end
MS_RDI (K2)
MS_REI (M1)
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Uplink Signal Flow
Frame synchronizer and RS overhead processor
Set regenerator section overhead (RSOH) Bytes
32
A1, A2, J0, E1, F1, D1-D3 and B1 Bytes

Frame synchronizer and scrambler scrambles STM-N electrical signals
E/O
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarms & Performance of Low Order

Part
PDH Interface to Cross-connect Unit
Uplink signal
Flow
G
Cross-connect
Unit
H
HPA
HPA
I
LPT
LPT
J
LPA
LPA
Downlink signal
Flow
33
www.mapyourtech.com
K
PPI
PPI
PDH Interface

Part
Diagram of Alarm Generation
High Order Path
Adaptation& Low Order Path
Termination
(HPA, LPT)
X
C
S
Low Order Path

Adaptation
PDH Physical Interface
(LPA)
(PPI)
E1_AISAll 1
V5
V5
T_ALOS
LP_SLM
LP_UNE
Q
LP_TIM
E1
Interfac
e
LP_TFIF
O
J2
V1,V2 TU_LOP
V1,V2 TU_AIS
H4
X
C
S
V5
HP_LO
M
LP_RDI
All 1
E1_AIS
V5
E1
Interfac
e
BIP 2
LP_RE
I
LP_RFIFO
Downlink signal flow
Signal transfer point (Insert
down all "1"s signal)
34
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarm report or return

Alarm termination point
(Report to SCC unit)

Part
High Order Path Adaptation& Low Order Path Termination
V1, V2 and V3 bytes detecting
Demap the VC-4 into VC-12s

Pointers of all VC-12s are decoded
TU_AIS, TU_LOP
V5 Bytes detecting
LP_RDI( b8), LP_UNEQ, LP_SLM( b5-b7), LP_REI( b3)

BIP-2 computing to check bit error( b1-b2)
H4 Bytes detecting
HP_LOM
J2 Bytes detecting
35
LP_TIM
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Low Order Path Adaptation& PDH Physical
Interface
Low Order Path Adaptation
Recover data stream and the related clock reference signals

Detect LP_RFIFO alarm
36
Forming a 2048 kbit/s signal
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Uplink Signal Flow
Low Order Path Adaptation& PDH Physical
Interface
Low Order Path Adaptation
Data adaptation
Detect LP_TFIFO alarm
37
Clock extraction and dada regeneration

Detect and terminate the T_ALOS alarm
Detect E1_AIS alarm
www.mapyourtech.com

Part
Uplink Signal Flow
High Order Path Adaptation& Low Order Path
Low Order Path Termination
High Order Path Adaptation
38
Insert POH in the C-12 (C-12 to VC-12)

V5 byte (Insert "signal label" in the b5-b7, calculate BIP-2, set the
result to the b1 and b2)
Adapt VC-12 into TU-12
Map TU-12 into High order VC-4
www.mapyourtech.com
Suppression Correlation between SDH Alarms

Suppression
R_LOS
Relationship
A1, A2
R_LOF
Bytes
RSOH,
MSOH
(Except
A1,A2)
B3_EXEC
R_OOF
J0_MM
AU_AIS
HP_TIM
B3_SD
39
MS_AIS
B A suppress B
www.mapyourtech.com
B1_EXEC
AU_LOP
HP_SLM
B1_SD
HP_LOM
MS_RDI
B2_EXEC
B2_SD
HP_RDI
HP_UNEQ
TU_AIS
TU_LOP
BIP_EXEC
LP_UNEQ
LP_TIM
LP_SLM
BIP_SD
LP_RDI
More on Alarms
40
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarm Understanding Rules

Rule 1
Alarms reported are alarms received

FC 1
Alarm
reported
ex. a
ADM 1
FC 1
ADM 2
Alarm
reported
ex. b
Rule 2
ADM 1
Alarms are reported on SDH Objects
41
www.mapyourtech.com
ADM 2
Alarm Understanding Rules (contd.)

Rule 3
3a. No Object => No Alarms reported

ex.
NO
TU12
(1-11)
ADM 1
FC on TU12 (1-11)
NO Alarm reported
for FC on TU12 (11-1)
Note:
ADM 2
3b. Object Mismatch => No Alarms reported

ex.
TU11
(1-11)
ADM 1
42
www.mapyourtech.com
See slide 9
FC on TU12 (1-11)
NO Alarm reported
These two
examples
are not
possible
for AU
object
WHY?
ADM 2

Rule 4
4a. No PT XC => No Alarms pass-through

NO VC4
ex.
a
PT (1)
FC on AU4 (1)
ADM 1
NO Alarm passthrough
ADM 3
Alarm reported
for FC on AU4 (1)
NO
VC12
ex.
b
ADM 1
43
ADM 2
NO Alarm passthrough
www.mapyourtech.com
PT (1-11)
FC on TU12 (1-11)
ADM 2
ADM 3
NO Alarm reported
4b. Bigger PT XC => No Alarms reported & Alarm pass-through

STM-1
VC4
ex.
a
ADM 1
Alarm passthrough for
ADM 2
links
FC on TU12 (1-11)
ADM 3
NO Alarm reported
FC on TU12 (11-1)
4c. Smaller PT XC => No Alarms reported (always ??) &

Alarm pass-through but on smaller object
(1-1-1)
ADM 1
Alarm passthrough for
FC on TU12 (1What www.mapyourtech.com

if Same size PT
1-1)
XC ?
44
STM-1
VC12
ex.
b
links
FC on TU3 (1)
ADM 2
ADM 3
NO Alarm
reported
for FC on TU3
(1)
Guide Lines
Alarms reported are alarms received

Object---- No Object
---- Object Mismatch
Privilege of the NE
Upstream / Downstream
45
www.mapyourtech.com
RS Alarms
RS alarms are those, which can be reported even by a pure Regenerator
(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) only RSOH)
LOS (Loss of Signal)
based on whole RSOH
LOF (Loss of Frame)
based on A1, A2 bytes
TIM (Trace Identifier Mismatch)
based on J0 byte
RSOH
bytes
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
SF (Signal Fail)
based on B1 byte
SD (Signal Degrade)
based on B1 byte
46
www.mapyourtech.com
Note: The order in which the alarms are

written is important,
as we will see later while discussing
Alarm masking
Description of Alarms
LOS
Received power is less than Laser receiver sensitivity (All bits interpreted as 0)
Tx off /
misconnectivity
ex.
LOF
Fiber Cut
Rx off /
misconnectivity
Tx
LO
S
Rx
Rx
Tx
Received power is less than
Laser receiver sensitivity
ADM 1
ADM 2
(Low power transmitted, Span is
longer than specified, Fiber gets
deformed etc. etc.)
LOS clears when 2 consecutive framing patterns are received & no new LOS
condition is detected
Anything other than F6 28 (Hex) in any (?) of the A1 A2 bytes (within a STM frame)
-- for consecutive 5 frames (625 s) OOF (Out of Frame) clearing 2 frames
-- for consecutive 24 frames (3 ms) LOF clearing 24 frames
47
Note: Prolonged LOS => LOF, but not always LOF

=> LOS
www.mapyourtech.com
(this fact will be used as one of the Alarm
Description of Alarms (contd.)

TIM (J0)
Received J0 trace (1/16 byte(s)) != Expected J0 trace (1/16 byte(s))
P
1
Tx trace = A
to B
A
SF (B1/B2/B3/V5)
Exp trace = C
to B
Rx trace = A
to B
P
2
Exp trace = A
to B
Rx trace = C
to B
Tx trace = C
to B
3
4
5
Equivalent BER exceeds alarm generation threshold ( 1 in 10 / 1 in 10 / 1 in 10 )
SD (B1/B2/B3/V5)
Equivalent BER exceeds alarm generation threshold ( 1 in 10 to 1 in 10 )

Note: For both SF & SD, alarm clearing threshold is 1 decade
lower than generation threshold, e.g., Gen. Thr. is 1 in 1000 or
www.mapyourtech.com
48
higher => Clg. Thr. is 1 in 10000 or lower
MS Alarms
MS alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, irrespective of
cross-connect configuration
(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU pointers plus
opening HOPOH(s) / TU Pointers / LOPOH(s) depending upon cross-connect configuration)
AIS (Alarm Indication Signal)
reported based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8
SF (Signal Fail)
based on B2 bytes
SD (Signal Degrade)
based on B2 bytes
RDI (Remote Defect Indication)
based on K2 byte -- bits 6,7,8
MSOH
bytes
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M1 E2
Note 1: The order in which the alarms are written is important, we will see later while
discussing Alarm masking
Note 2: MS-AIS is also called Line-AIS or AIS on STM port
www.mapyourtech.com
49
MS-RDI is also called Line-RDI or RDI on STM port
Description of Alarms (contd.)

Example of generation of
AIS, RDI
Any traffic affecting LP
RS Alarm
HP
Alarm or
or TUMS-AIS
AU-AIS
AIS
(Rx)(Rx)
(Rx)
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
Example of reception of TU-AIS,
LP-RDI
Any traffic affecting RS/HP/LP
Alarm
VC1
2
E
1
ADM 1
50
LP-RDI
(Rx)
www.mapyourtech.com
VC1
2
ADM 2
TU-AIS
MS-AIS
AU-AIS
(Gen)
ADM
TU-AIS (Rx)
VC1
2
ADM 3
E
1
HP / LP Alarms
HP / LP alarms are those, which can be reported by a Add-Drop Multiplexer, having
HO / HO & LO object (LO object => LO cross-connect)
(who has privilege of opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU Pointers plus at
least interpreting HOPOH(s) / opening (interpreting & rewriting) RSOH, MSOH, AU
Pointers, HOPOH(s), TU Pointers plus at least interpreting LOPOH(s)
depending upon cross-connect configuration)
H1, H2, H3 AU
Pointer bytes
HP-AIS reported based on H1, H2 bytes
Note 1: Same as
before
HP-UNEQ (unequipped) based on C2 byte
HP-LOP (Loss of Pointer) based on H1, H2 bytes
HP-TIM based on J1 byte

Note 2: HP-Alarm is
also
called AUAlarm
or Alarm on
AU
51
also
HP-SF based on B3 byte

HP-SD based on B3 byte
HP-RDI based on G1 byte -- bit 5
www.mapyourtech.com
LP-Alarm is
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
H
O
P
O
H
b
y
t
e
s
HP / LP Alarms (contd.)
Note 1: Same as before
LP-AIS reported based on V1, V2 bytes
Note 2: Whole of this slide

assumes
LP-LOP based on V1, V2 bytes
TU2/TU12/TU11 for LP.
LOM (Loss of Multiframe) based on H4 byte bits 7,8
If there
is TU3 with AU4
mapping, then
HP-PLM / SLM (Payload / Signal Label Mismatch)

based on C2 byte
LP5,6,7
but
LP-UNEQ based on V5 also
byte it
is
bits
Pointers & POH
LOPOH
bytes
V1, V2, V3 TU
Pointer bytes
52
www.mapyourtech.com
V5
J2
N2
K4
bytes will be like HO

LP-TIM based on J2 byte
LP-SF based on V5 byte bits 1,2

LP-SD based on V5 byte bits 1,2
LP-RDI based on V5 byte -- bit 8
LP-PLM / SLM based on V5 byte bits 5,6,7
SONET/SDN Terminology Translation

SDH
VC-11 (virtual container)
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
VC-4
VT-1.5 SPE
VT-2 SPE
VT-6 SPE
STS-1 SPE
STS-3c SPE
TU-11 (tributary unit)

TU-12
TU-2
TU-3
VT-1.5 (Virtual Tributary size 1.5)

VT-2
VT-6
no SONET equivalent (like a 50 Mbit/s VT)
TUG-2 (TU group)

TUG-3
VT Group
No SONET equivalent
AU-3 = VC-3 + Ptr

AU-4 = VC-4 + Ptr
STS-1 SPE + STS-1 Pointer

STS-3c SPE + STS-3c Pointer
AUG = 1 x AU-4,
or 3 x AU-3s
logical entity (not defined)
STM-1 = AUG + SOH

STM-N = N AUGs + SOH
Regenerator Section
Multiplex Section
53
www.mapyourtech.com
SONET
STS-3
STS-3N
Section Layer
Line Layer
14
Alarm Propagation Examples
For every example,

Assumption(s) is/are stated
Root Cause(s) is/are stated
Diagrammatic representation is made (OFCs are
shown in cyan)
Alarm(s) generated / condition(s) generated for
reporting alarms is/are
shown in black
Alarm(s) existing at a port is/are shown in red
Alarm(s) masked at a port is/are
covered with
Alarm(s) reported at secondary supprressed alarm page
is/are shown
54
in pink, italicised
Note(s), whenever required is/are mentioned in green
www.mapyourtech.com
Alarm Propagation Examples (contd.)

Example 1
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports
XConnect on both ports
AU4 Signal Label
Unequipped
HPRDI
Root Cause: NO
HP- UNEQ
HPRDI
HP- UNEQ
HPRDI
B
HPRDI
AU4 Signal Label
Unequipped
Note: 1) if AU-3 mapping, then what happens?

2) In newer version of Tejas software, UNEQ is not reported
for this root cause
55
www.mapyourtech.com

Example 2
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports,
XConnect HP-SLM
on the port
of B action is
default
report SLM, no
downstream AIS
Root Cause: NO
Signal Label TUGHP- structure

RDI
LP-RDI
E1
VC1
2
A
HPRDI
HPSLM
HP- UNEQ
TULOP
AU4 Signal Label

Unequipped
Invalid
TU Pointer
value
Note: LP-RDI is not reported on B (See Rule 3a)

56
www.mapyourtech.com

Example 3
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on both ports of A & C
Root Cause: Fiber cut in the link from A to B
MS-AIS
AIS
LOS
AU-AIS
TU-AIS
VC-12
VC-12
E1
MS-RDI
E1
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
B
(Reg.
)
C
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
Note: The Reg. can not generate any RDI

57
Actually at C, AU-AIS & TU-AIS conditions are

www.mapyourtech.com
also
received

Example 4
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports
the link from A to B
ADM B VC-12 PT
Root Cause: Fiber cut in
MS-AIS
LOS
VC-12
E1
TU AIS
VC-12
LP RDI
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP
RDI
VC-12
www.mapyourtech.com
B
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
Note: Only TU-AIS is reported on Node C (See

Rule 4c)
LP-RDI on B is SSA
58
E1
LP RDI

Example 5
the link from A to B
ADM B VC-4 PT
Root Cause: Fiber cut in
MS-AIS
AU AIS
LOS
VC-12
E1
TU AIS
VC-4
VC-12
MS-RDI
E1
HP-RDI
LP
RDI
B
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
Note: Only AU-AIS is reported on Node C (See

Rule 4c)
LP-RDI on B is not reported
www.mapyourtech.com
59
(See Rule
3b)
LP RDI

Example 6
on B, C & D for (1-1-2)
Root cause: NO XConnect
E1 (1)
E1
(1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
LP RDI
(1-1-2)
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-12)
TU-LOP
(1-1-2)
Invalid TU
Pointers (1-1-2)
Note: Why E1(1) is shown?

60
LP-RDI is not reported on B (See Rule 3a)

www.mapyourtech.com

Example 7
on C & D for (1-1-2)
E1 (1)
E1
(1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
LP RDI
(1-1-2)
LP RDI
(1-1-2)
LP-RDI
(1-1-2)
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-12)
TU-AIS
(1A
1-2)
VC-12 (1-12)
TU-LOP
(1-1-2)
TU AIS (1-1-2)
C
Invalid TU
Pointers (1-1-2)
Note: LP-RDI at node B is secondary suppressed

61
TU-AIS at node A is reported as terminating alarm

www.mapyourtech.com

Example 8
on C for (1-1-2)
E1 (1)
E1
(1)
VC-12 (1-1-1)
LP RDI
(1-1-2)
LP RDI
(1-1-2)
LP-RDI
(1-1-2)
E1
(2)
VC-12 (1-12)
TU-AIS
(1A
1-2)
VC-12 (1-12)
TU-LOP
(1-1-2)
TU AIS (1-1-2)
Invalid TU
Pointers (1-12)
TU-LOP
(1-1-2)
VC12(11-2)
C
Invalid TU
Pointers (1-1-2)
Note: K-L-M value need not remain same throughout a

particular LP, alarms will
62
www.mapyourtech.com
be reported accordingly on different objects
D
LP RDI (1-1-2)
E1
(2)

Example 9
Assumption: AU-4 Mapping on all ports,
XConnect on C for (1-1-1)
Root cause: NO
VC4 PT at node B,
For each port, HP-SLM default action is
ignore SLM
LP-RDI
(1-1-1)
VC-12(1-1-1)
E1 (1)
VC-4
VC-12(1-1-2)
VC-12(11-2)
TU-LOP
E1 (2)
(1-1-1)
C
Invalid TU
Pointers
Note: LP-RDI from A is not reported on B (See Rule 3b).

(1-1-1)
63
Why assumption on SLM?

www.mapyourtech.com
E1(2
)

Example 10 (with SNCP)
in the link from A to B
Root cause: Fiber-cut
MS-AIS
W A-B-C, P A-D-C
TU AIS
LOS
E1
VC-12
VC-12
MS-RDI
LP
RDI
HP-RDI
LP RDI MS-RDI
HP-RDI
Note: SNCP is always

VC-12
uni-directional
& for
64
www.mapyourtech.com
Tejas, it is 1+1
VC-12
LP RDI
E1
Alarms: Animated Description
65
www.mapyourtech.com
SDH Alarms and Consequent Actions

SPI
LOS
RST
LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP
MSA
MST
MSAIS
MSEXC
HPOM /
HPT
HPHP-EXC
TIM
LPOM /
LPT
LPLP-EXC
TIM
66
MSDEG
HPDEG
LP-DEG
MS-RDI
HP-RDI
LP-RDI
www.mapyourtech.com
MS-REI
HP-REI
LP-REI
MS-BIP
AUAIS
HP-BIP
HPO
M
HPUNEQ
LP-BIP
LPO
M
LPUNEQ
AU-LOP
HPA
HPPLM
LPA
LPPLM
HPLOM
TU-AIS
TU-LOP
LOS
INTERRUPTION,
HW TROUBLE,
ATTENUATION
LOS
NE
AU/TUAIS
LINE
LINE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
PDH
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
67
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
SIGNAL PASSED THROUGH
www.mapyourtech.com
NE
LOF
A1,A2
PROBLEM ON FRAME
ALIGNMENT WORD
AU/TUAIS
LOF
NE
LINE
LINE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
68
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
RS-TIM
RECEIVED REGENERATOR
SECTION TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
JO
RSTIM
NE
AU/TUAIS
LINE
LINE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
69
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
RS-BIP
NEAR END
B1
ERRORED SIGNAL
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
RSBIP
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
70
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
MS-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED SIGNAL
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM)
K2=XXXXX111
MS-AIS
MSAIS
AU/TUAIS
LINE
LINE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
71
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
PDH
NE
MS-EXC
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
B2
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
COLLECTION
( 1X10 E -3)
MSEXC
NE
AU/TUAIS
LINE
LINE
MS-RDI
TRIB
K2=XXXXX110
PDH-AIS
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
72
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
MS-BIP
NEAR END
B2
ERRORED SIGNAL
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
MSBIP
NE
LINE
LINE
MS-REI
TRIB
M1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
73
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
MS-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF. RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,
K2=XXXXX110
MS-RDI
MSRDI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
74
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
MS-REI
FAR END
M1
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
MS-REI
MSREI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
ERRORED SIGNAL
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
75
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
MS-DEG
NEAR END
PERFORMANCE
B2
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9)
COLLECTION
MSDEG
NE
LINE
LINE
MS-REI
TRIB
M1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
76
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
AU-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(LOS, LOF, RS-TIM,
MS-AIS, MS-EXC,
AU-4 XC
AU-AIS
AU/TUAIS
AUAIS
NE
AI
S
LINE
LINE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
77
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
PDH
NE
AU-LOP
TROUBLE ON THE
AU POINTER VALUE
(WRONG SETTING
SDH/SONET, DEG,
HW FAILURE)
H1,H2
AU/TUAIS
AULOP
NE
LINE
LINE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
78
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
PDH
NE
HP-UNEQ
AU-4 CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED
C2 = 00000000
HP-UNEQ
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
79
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
HP-TIM
RECEIVED HIGHER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
J1
HP-TIM
NE
LINE
LINE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
80
XXX
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
HPTIM
PDH
140
M
NE
HP-BIP
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
B3
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-BIP
NE
LINE
LINE
HP-REI
TRIB
G1 (1,2,3,4)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
81
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
140
M
HPBIP
NE
HP-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED HP
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP, HP-TIM,
HP-PLM, HP-EXC)
G1 =XXXX100X
HP-RDI
HP-RDI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
82
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
140
M
HPRDI
NE
HP-REI
FAR END
G1 (1, 2, 3, 4)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-REI
HP-REI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
ERRORED SIGNAL
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
83
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
140
M
HPREI
NE
HP-DEG
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9)
NEAR END
B3
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-DEG
NE
LINE
LINE
HP-REI
TRIB
G1 (1,2,3,4)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
84
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
140
M
HPDEG
NE
HP-EXC
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
NEAR END
B3
( 1X10 E -3)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
HP-EXC
NE
LINE
LINE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
85
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
140
M
HPEXC
NE
HP-PLM
UNEXPECTED HIGHER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
C2
HPPLM
NE
TU-AIS
LINE
LINE
HP-RDI
TRIB
G1 =XXXX100X
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
86
XXX
PDH-AIS
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
TU-AIS
TROUBLE ON THE
RX SIDE
(AU-AIS, AU-LOP,
HP-TIM, HP-PLM)
TU XC
TU-AIS
TUAIS
NE
AI
S
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
87
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
AI
S
PDH-AIS
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
NE
TU-LOP
TROUBLE ON THE
TU POINTER VALUE
(DEGRADATION,
HW FAILURE)
V1, V2
TULOP
NE
TU-AIS
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
88
XXX
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
AI
S
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
NE
LP-TIM
RECEIVED LOWER PATH TRACE
IDENTIFIER MISMATCH
J2
LP-TIM
NE
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
89
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
LP-TIM
PDH-AIS
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
NE
LP-BIP
ERRORED SIGNAL
NEAR END
V5 (1, 2)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-BIP
NE
LINE
LINE
LP-REI
TRIB
V5 (3)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
90
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
LP-BIP
NE
LP-RDI
TROUBLE ON THE
RECEIVED LP
(TU-AIS, TU-LOP, LP-TIM,
LP-PLM, LP-EXC)
V5 = XXXXXXX1
LP-RDI
LP-RDI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
PDH
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
91
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
1.5-2-3445M
LPRDI
NE
LP-REI
FAR END
V5 (3)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-REI
LP-REI
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
ERRORED SIGNAL
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
92
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
LP-REI
NE
LP-DEG
DEGRADATION
(1X10 E -5 1X10 E -9)
NEAR END
V5 (1, 2)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-DEG
NE
LINE
LINE
LP-REI
TRIB
V5 (3)
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
93
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
LPDEG
NE
LP-EXC
EXCESSIVE BIT
ERROR RATE
NEAR END
V5 (1, 2)
( 1X10 E -3)
PERFORMANCE
COLLECTION
LP-EXC
NE
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
94
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
LPEXC
NE
LP-PLM
UNEXPECTED LOWER
PATH PAYLOD LABEL
NE
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
95
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
LPPLM
PDH-AIS
PDH
1.5-2-3445M
NE
LP-UNEQ
TU CHANNEL
NOT CONNETTED
V5 (5, 6, 7) = 000
LP-UNEQ
NE
LINE
LINE
TRIB
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
96
XXX
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH
NE
HP-LOM
TROUBLE ON THE
MULTIFRAME ALIGNMENT
WORD
H4
HPLOM
NE
TU-AIS
LINE
LINE
LP-RDI
TRIB
V5 = XXXXXXX1
XXX
= DETECTED
XXX
= GENERATED
AI=
S
97
XXX
www.mapyourtech.com
PDH-AIS
= SENT BACK
XXX = MONITORED
AI
S
PDH
1.5-2M
NE
Regenerator Section
Multiplex Section
AIS
LOF
Error indicator alarm sent

upstream
B1
K2
RS-TIM
Alarm indicator sent upstream
B2
M1
Lower Order Path
LOS
A1/A2
J0
Higher Order Path
Error/alarm detection
AIS
RS-BIP
K2
AIS
MS-AIS
MS-BIP
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AIS
C2
J1
B3
AIS
G1
G1
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
AIS
HP-UNEQ
H4
HP-TIM
C2
HP-BIP
V5
HP-REI
J2
HP-RDI
V5
98
V5
V5
www.mapyourtech.com
AIS
Performance Monitoring
99
www.mapyourtech.com
Overhead Termination
STM-n Unit or
2M, 34M Unit 140M Unit
LPT
HPT
STM-n Unit
MST
STM-n Unit
RST
RST
MST
STM-n Unit or
140M Unit 2M, 34M Unit
HPT
LPT
RSOH
MSOH
VC-4 POH
VC-12, VC-3 POH
LPT: Lower-order Path termination

HPT: High-order Path termination
www.mapyourtech.com
MST: Multiplex Section Termination

RST: Regenerator Section Termination
100
Overhead Termination
STM-N unit
STM-N
RST
MST
TSI unit
HPT
STM-N unit
STM-N
RST
RST
Crossconnect
Level
MST
MST
VC-4
RST
LPT
HPT
MST
www.mapyourtech.com
Crossconnect
Level
VC-12 or VC-3
TSI unit
Crossconnect
Level
VC-4
2M or 34M
140M unit
HPT
TSI unit
STM-N unit
STM-N
VC-12 or VC-3
TSI unit
STM-N unit
STM-N
Crossconnect
Level
2M or 34M unit
140M
STM-N unit
HPT
MST
RST
STM-N
RST
STM-N
STM-N unit
MST
101
Performance Monitoring Point
Physical Layer
Section Layer
Adaptation
High/Low-order Path Termination
102
www.mapyourtech.com
-Physical Layer-
Optical Interface
LDBC : Laser Diode Bias Current
PDH Interface
CV-L : Code Rule Violation
ES-L : Errored Second
SES-L : Severely Errored Second
External Clock Interface
CV- : Code Rule Violation
ES- : Errored Second)
SES- : Severely Errored Second
www.mapyourtech.com
: L or P
103
-Section Layer-
Regenerator (RS) and Multiplex (MS) Section

ES-
: Errored Second
SES-
: Severely Errored Seconds
BBE-
: Background Block Error
UAS-
: Unavailable Seconds
OFS-
: Out of Frame Seconds (OOF)
Multiplex Section Far-end
ES-MSFE
: Errored Second
SES-MSFE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE-MSFE : Background Block Error
UAS-MSFE : Unavailable Seconds
Multiplex Section
PSC
: Protection Switching Count
PSD
: Protection Switching Duration
www.mapyourtech.com
: RS or MS
104
-Adaptation-
AU-4 Pointer
PJE (positive) : Pointer Justification Event (positive)
PJE (negative) : Pointer Justification Event (negative)
www.mapyourtech.com
105
-Path Termination-
High/Low-order Path (receiving direction)

ES-
: Errored Second
SES-
: Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- : Background Block Error
UAS- : Unavailable Seconds
High/Low-order Path (transmitting direction)
ES- FE : Errored Second
SES- FE : Severely Errored Seconds
BBE- FE : Background Block Error
UAS- FE : Unavailable Seconds
:
HO or
LO
www.mapyourtech.com
106
Terms and Definitions

(used by error performance)
EDC
Error Detection Code
Block
block
EB
Errored Block
Defect :
defect
ES
Errored Second
SES
Severely Errored Second
BBE
Background Block Error
CV
Code Violation
UAS
Unavailable Second
www.mapyourtech.com
107
BIP-8 of VC-4
1
26 2
2
26 3
26 1
1
2
1
1
2
2
Gro up o f 8 b its
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
7
7
8
8
BIP-8 check sequence
VC-4
234 8 234 9
B lo c k ( 1 8 7 9 2 b i t s / b l o c k )
www.mapyourtech.com
23 4 8
23 4 9
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
B3
108

EDC
Block
block
EB
Errored Block
Defect :
defect
ES
Errored Second
SES
BBE
CV
Code Violation
UAS
Unavailable Second
www.mapyourtech.com
109

EDC
Block
block
EB
Errored Block
Defect :
defect
ES
Errored Second
SES
BBE
CV
Code Violation
UAS
Unavailable Second
www.mapyourtech.com
110
Generation and Detection of SDH Performance

Bit Error Generation Mechanism
Mechanism: Bit interleaved parity (BIP)
Transmit end: The result of BIP is placed in the relevant bytes of the
next frame
Receive end: Compare the result of BIP with the bytes of the next
frame
B1: BIP8 for the regenerator section error monitoring

function
B2: BIP24 for multiplex section error monitoring function
B3: BIP8 for monitoring the bit error performance of VC-4
V5: BIP2 for monitoring the bit error performance of VC-12
Notice: The
The Sequence
Sequence of
of descramble&
descramble& BIP
BIP
Notice:
111
www.mapyourtech.com

Error Detection and Report
RST MST HPT LPT
LPT HPT MST RST

B1
B2
B3
V5
Errors occurring in Low order path will not be detected in

High order path, High order bit errors will trigger Low
order errors.
112
www.mapyourtech.com
Generation and Detection of SDH

Performance
Terms
Term
BE
Errored block, in which one or more bits are in error.
BBE
Background block error, it is an errored block occurring outside of the period

of UAT and SES.
FEBBE
Far end block of background error, it is a BBE event detected at the far end.
ES
Errored second, it is a certain second with one or more errored blocks

detected.
FEES
Far end errored second, in which an ES event detected at the far end.
SES
113
Description
Severely errored second, it is a certain second which contains 30% errored

blocks or at least one serious disturbance period (SDP). Here, the SDP is a
period of at least four consecutive blocks or 1ms (taking the longer one)
where the error ratios of all the consecutive blocks are 10-2 or loss of
signal occurs.
www.mapyourtech.com

Performance
Terms
Term
FESES
Far end severely errored second, in which an SES event detected at the
remote end.
CSES
Consecutive severely errored second, in which the SES events

consecutively occur, but last less than 10 seconds.
FECSES
UAS
114
Description
Far end consecutive severely errored second, in which a CSES event

detected at the far end.
Unavailable second, it is a period of 10 consecutive seconds during which
the bit error ratio per second of the digital signal in either of the
transmission directions of a transmission system is inferior to 10-3 . These
ten seconds are considered to be part of unavailable time.
www.mapyourtech.com

Performance
Pointer Justification
Mechanism
Adjust pointers as required in practice, so as to tolerate rate

asynchronization and phase difference of payload signals.
That is, perform pointer justification on information payloads
to make the payloads synchronous with the STM-N frame
Sort
Administrative unit pointer (AU_PTR)

Tributary unit pointer (TU_PTR)
115
www.mapyourtech.com

Performance
Generation Mechanism of AU Pointer Justification
Locatio
n:
H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H3
Causation:
VC4
row
10270
Column
Network is out of synchronization
Pointer justification state:

Name
116
Byte numbering and content of the fourth row in STM-1

frame
Rate relation
10
11
12
Zero
H3
H3
H3
Info
Info
Info
Information =
container
Positive
H3
H3
H3
Stuffing
Stuffing
Stuffing
Information< container
Negative
Info
Info
Info
Info
Info
Info
Information> container
www.mapyourtech.com
Generation Mechanism of TU Pointer Justification

Causation:
Transformed from AU pointer justification
The system clock is not consistent with the received clock
Pointer justification occurs at the upstream NE where the service

passes
Detection and Reporting of Pointer Justification

Remote detection:
Occur at the local station, report at the remote station
Local detection:
Generate at the local station, report locally
117
www.mapyourtech.com
Relationship between Alarms and

Performance
Relationship
Alarm and Performance are belong to different levels. Alarm
indicates the fault of transmission, performance indicates the signal
degrade of transmission. If the value of performance is high than
threshold it will translate into alarm. For example bit error can
translate into EXC alarm then causes the traffic interrupt.
Functions of alarm and performance for bit error threshold
crossing
Item
Performance Event
Local end
RS
118
RSBBE
Remote end
Alarm Event
Local end
Remote end
B1_OVER
MS MSBBE
MSFEBBE
B2_OVER
MS_REI
HP
HPBBE
HPFEBBE
B3_OVER
HP_REI
LP
LPBBE
LPFEBBE
BIP_OVER
LP_REI
www.mapyourtech.com
Relation between ES, SES and BBE

ES
SES
30 %
1 sec.
www.mapyourtech.com
nonEB
} EB
BBE
119

EDC
Block
block
EB
Errored Block
Defect :
defect
ES
Errored Second
SES
BBE
CV
Code Violation
UAS
Unavailable Second
www.mapyourtech.com
120
Unavailable Second
10 sec.
< 10 sec.
Unavailability detected
Unavailable period
Error-free second
www.mapyourtech.com
Severely errored second

SES
10 sec.
Availability detected
Available period
Errored second
ES
121
Storage of PM data
15 minute accumulation
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert)
32 periods with zero suppression
(32)
(2)
(1)
15 min.
hh : 15n
Current 15 min.
data update : every 1 min.
hh : 15(n+1)
Zero Suppression
past
1 day accumulation
item a
item b
TCA (Threshold Crossing Alert)
time
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
item x
item y
(Yesterday)
Zero Suppression
PM items of one facility
1 day
0 : 00
future
0 : 00
Current 1 day (Today)
data update : every 1 min.
item a
item b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
item x
item y
old
memory
new
all zero data with time stamp of occurrence
www.mapyourtech.com
122
Bit error defects family

EXC = EXCessively errored signal
DEG = DEGraded signal
CMI = Code Mark Inversion
All members of the [large] family of bit error defects have a common origin
errors in the transmission/reception of a signal.
SDH calculates a parity check and places the results in the overhead.
Occurs in both Tx and Rx. A difference indicates a bit error in transmission/reception
Another detection mechanism is for electrical signals
An invalid sequence is a code violation
PPI-EXC and ES-CMI defect originate from code violations.
SDH paths and sections may have EXC and DEG defects [Different degrees of errors]
EXC represent an EXCessive number of bit errors the signal is so badly errored as to be unusable
EXC defects represent a bit error ratio of 10-3 or 10-4.
EXC results in a protection switch at the closure point of a sub-network connection and may be
configured to insert AIS and RDI.
DEG defects represent a bit error ratio of 10-5 or less

DEG does not result in a protection switch or raising of any consequent action.
123
www.mapyourtech.com
What is Performance Monitoring
Performance monitoring is used to measure Traffic Quality

How? By counting anomalies and defects.
Why are they needed?
To diagnose faults in a network OR detect occurrence of dribbling errors.
Measure a networks performance and its service capability.
At the edge of the network
Within the network
Check service level agreements for end customers and find out whether
they have been satisfied or breached.
Reporting performance monitoring

NE collects and logs PMs continuously for all connections.
EC-1 collects PMs from all NEs in span of control.
INM collects PMs from the complete network.
124
www.mapyourtech.com
Performance Monitoring Points

Performance Monitoring Points [PMPs]
are points at which software collects performance monitoring [PM]
data. The PM data is a measure of the quality of the transmission path

at that point.
LP_NE V5, B3
TU_PJE
LP_FE V5, G1
PDH
End User
Vc-12
PDH
End User
Vc-12
PPI_CV
HP_FE G1
Vc-4
Vc-4
AU_PJE
NE1
RS-OOF A1, A2
RS-NE B1
125
HP_NE B3
MS_NE B2
STM-N
MS_FE M1
www.mapyourtech.com
Optical Link via Network
NE2
Table of PM points
PMs count will occur at the same points as where alarms will occur
FE[Far End] PMs are associated with the RDI defect category.
The destination you are sending to has received your signal in a defective state.
PMP-Type
Byte
RS-OOF
A1, A2
RS-NE
B1
RS-LOS, RS-LOF
MS_NE
B2
All RS defects, MS-AIS, MS-EXC
MS_FE
M1
MS-RDI
AU_PJE
N/A
N/A
HP_NE,
HPOM_NE
B3
All RS, MS defects, AU-AIS, AU-LOP, HP-LOM, HP-TIM, HP-PLM, HP-EXC
HP_FE, HPOM_FE
G1
HP-RDI
TU_PJE
N/A
N/A
LP_FE
G1[VC-3]
HP-RDI, LP-RDI
LPOM_FE
V5(b3[VC-12]
LP_NE
B3[VC-3]
LPOM_NE
V5(b1-b2[VC-12]
All RS, MS, AU, HP defects, TU-AIS, TU-LOP, LP-TIM, LP-PLM, LP-EXC,
INT-LO-BUFFER
ES-CV
N/A
ES-LOS
N/A
PPI-LOS
PPI-CV
126
www.mapyourtech.com
Defects
BIP Errors vs Block Errors

B1 is an 8 bit parity byte, calculated across the complete SDH frame
[2430 bytes for an STM-1 signal].

B1 byte is generated/terminated at every NE.
ANSI specifies BIP

ETSI/ITU specifies Block Errors
The B1 Byte is treated as 1 block
The B1 Byte is treated as BIP-8 [since it has 8 bits]
Example
Transmitted
0
127
Received
0
www.mapyourtech.com
1= 1 Block Error, = 1 BIP Error
1= 1 Block Error, = 2 BIP Errors
= Bit Error
Definition of BBE, ES, SES, UAS

Background Block Error [BBE]
A Background Block Error [BBE] is a single errored Block in the SDH
frame, not occurring as part of an SES or a UAS.

Errored Second [ES]
An Errored Second [ES] is a second during which at least one anomaly or
one defect occurs, but not occurring as part of a UAS.
Severely Errored Second [SES]
A Severely Errored Second [SES] is a second during which at least X
anomalies or one defect occurs, but not occurring as part of a UAS. By
definition an SES is always an ES.
Unavailable Second [UAS]
An Unavailable Second is a second during which the signal is
unavailable. It becomes unavailable at the onset of 10 consecutive
seconds that qualify as SES, and continue to be unavailable until the
onset of 10 consecutive seconds that do not qualify as SES.
128
www.mapyourtech.com
How to interrupt SES and UAS

The difference between SES and UAS is conceptually difficult to understand.
Therefore it is better clarified through the use of a diagram.
Unavailable periods/detection and available periods/detection are indicated.
<10secs
10secs
<10secs
Unavailability
Detected
Available Period
= SES
129
Unavailable Period
= Non SES
www.mapyourtech.com
10secs
Availability
Detected
Available Period
Processing of B1 byte
This can be broken down into activities performed in hardware and
software.
15-minute
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
Calculate
B1 block
errors
SDH
Frame
Frame B1
errors
1- Second
Filter
SDH
Frame
Frame RS
defects,
LOS, LOF
15-Minute
Filter
www.mapyourtech.com
TIME BBE
00:00
3
00:15
5
00:30
1
ES
3
4
1
SES
1
0
0
UAS
0
0
0
1- second
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
24-Hour
Filter
Determine
RS defects
130
15-Minute PM Counts
24-hour
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
24-Hour PM Counts
BBE
40
34
21
ES SES
33
0
16 20
4
2
UAS
0
20
0
Calculating B1 block errors.
The calculation of B1 block errors occurs in hardware.

Conceptually this can be understood via a diagram.
Frame X
Frame X+1
Frame X+2
}
Actual B1
byte
Calculate
expected
B1 byte
131
Compare
actual with
Expected B1 byte
expected
www.mapyourtech.com
B1 byte
B1 errors
1- Second Filter
1-Second Filter
Frame B1
errors
1Second
filter
1- second
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
Frame RS
defect, LOS,
LOF
B1 Errors (x)
x = 0
0 < x < 2400
x >= 2400 (< 10 secs)
x >= 2400 (> 10 secs)
BBE
0
x
0
0
ES
0
1
1
0
SES
0
0
1
0
UAS
0
0
0
1
Defects
No Defects
LOS, LOF (< 10 secs)
LOS, LOF (> 10 secs)
BBE
0
0
0
ES
0
1
0
SES
0
1
0
UAS
0
0
1
SDH Frame B1 Errors/Defects

DATE
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
TIME
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
00:00:00
FRAME
0001
0002
0003
7998
7999
8000
B1 Errors
0
0
1
.
.
.
0
0
0
---TOTAL B1 Errors (x) =
0001
132
www.mapyourtech.com
Defects
.
.
.
-
1-Second PM Counts
DATE
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
TIME
00:00:00
00:00:01
00:00:02
BBE
1
x
x
ES
1
x
x
SES
0
x
x
UAS
0
x
x
15-Minute Filter
1- second
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
15Minute
Filter
1-Second PM Counts
DATE
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
133
TIME
00:00:00
00:00:01
00:00:02
00:14:57
00:14:58
00:14:59
15-Minute
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
15-Minute PM Counts
BBE
1
0
0
.
.
.
2
0
0
ES
1
0
1
.
.
.
1
0
0
www.mapyourtech.com
SES
0
0
1
.
.
.
0
0
0
UAS
0
0
0
.
.
.
0
0
0
DATE
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
TIME
00:00
00:15
00:30
BBE
3
x
x
ES
3
x
x
SES
1
x
x
UAS
0
x
x
24 Hour Filter
1- second
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
24-Hour
Filter
24-Hour
BBE, ES, SES,
UAS
1-Second PM Counts
DATE
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
01/01/2000
134
TIME
00:00:00
00:00:01
00:00:02
23:59:57
23:59:58
23:59:59
BBE
1
0
0
30
.
4
0
5
0
ES
1
0
1
.
30
.
0
1
0
www.mapyourtech.com
SES
0
0
1
.
1
.
1
0
0
UAS
0
0
0
.
.
.
0
0
0
24-Hour PM Counts
DATE
01/01/2000
02/01/2000
03/01/2000
BBE
40
x
x
.
.
.
ES
33
x
x
.
.
.
SES
3
x
x
.
.
.
UAS
0
x
x
.
.
.
Accumulation of PMs over time
2 Seconds
that
qualify as
SES
10 Second
Period
TIME
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
B1 Errors
5
50
500
5000
0
40
400
4000
2500
2700
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0
50
0
100
0
30
0
35
0
0
0
40
0
0
Defects
LOS
LOS
LOS
LOS
LOF
LOF
TOTAL
135
www.mapyourtech.com
BBE=
5 ES= 1 SES=
BBE= 50 ES=
1 SES=
BBE= 500 ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE= 40 ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
1 SES=
BBE=
ES=
SES=
BBE= 595 ES= 15 SES=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
1 UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
UAS=
1 UAS=
UAS=
11 UAS=
B1 errors
5000 > 2400 [<10
secs]
Defects
LOS, LOF (< 10 secs)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Unavailabili
ty
Detected
B1 errors
X > 2400 [>10
secs]
AND / OR
Defects
LOS, LOF
Unavailabl
[>10secs]
e Period
Availabilit
y
B1 errors
Detected
12
X < 2400
[>10secs]
AND / OR
Defects
FAQs
136
www.mapyourtech.com
Question and Answers

What is the difference between an anomaly and a defect?
Anomaly is a single occurrence of, or commencement of a condition
Defect is a persistent or repeated occurrence of an anomaly
What is the main difference between a POM alarm and a LO or HO alarm?
LPs / HPs are present on termination
POMs are present when traffic is un-terminated
What is the main principle behind masking?
Present alarm closet to source
Reduce the amount of fault analysis and alarm presentation
A car fail alarm is raised on a PIU, What should you do?
This alarm needs to be cleared first because it will mask all other alarms raised on the
card/slot instance
What is the difference between a regenerator and a multiplexer?
Regenerator terminates the RSOH, MSOH + payload continue, regenerator generates
new OH
Multiplexer fulfils the same function of a regenerator and also terminates / generates a
MSOH
137
www.mapyourtech.com

What alarms does the Multiplex Section Termination give?
Provides pointer processing and gives AU alarms
Where are the Low Path Termination points?
On PDH tributaries
If an unprotected limb has two POMs present which one is active the Rx or the Tx?
Rx is active
In a protected connection is a limb has a HPT or LPT present can HPOM/LPOM also
be active?
Yes
Which bytes are responsible for the reporting of a LOF alarm, what section
overhead are they found?
A1 and A2 In RSOH
Where is AIS reported in relation to a defect?
AIS is reported downstream from a defect, a user would look upstream to
resolve the issue
138
www.mapyourtech.com

Why is there no RS-AIS alarm?
Possibly redundancy [Like the TIM alarms which only has RS-TIM]
Could also be that RS alarms on regenerators are passive and operate as a pass
through. Multiplexers drop traffic and are better therefore to address issue
How many consequent actions are there and what are they?
AIS, RDI/REI and protection switches
Which alarm is more serious, RDI or REI?
RDI is more serious
What type of cards produce CMI alarms?
Electrical cards [comes from Code Mark Inversion line coding]
What consequent actions does a DEG alarm produce?
It doesnt
What type of payload would you expect on the raising of a UNEQ alarm?
0
What bytes carry PM information and where are they calculated?
B1, B2 and B3. Calculated in hardware
139
www.mapyourtech.com
References
Various presentation collected from Internet {Huawei,Tejas,Nortel & Marconi) available

free of cost
www.mapyourtech.com
www.google.com
For further queries do reach on www.mapyourtech.com

140
www.mapyourtech.com
Thank You!
141
www.mapyourtech.com

SDH Alarms

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

SDH Alarms

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

SDH/SONET

ALARMS & PERFORMANCE MONITORING

Alarms Introductions and

The SDH Frame

RSOH [Regenerator Section Overhead]

Spare. Reserved for future international standardisation.

B1 Is not supported in OM4000 NEs due to

MSOH [Multiplex Section Overhead]

Synchronisation status messages. S1 [b5-b8] indicates which of the four levels of

K2 [b6-b8] contains MS-RDI and MS-AIS status information.

MSP Protocol Bytes

HO-POH [Higher order path Overhead]

Position indicator. Multiframe phase indication for TU structured payloads. H4 [b7-b8]

LO-POH [Lower order path Overhead]

Anomalies, defects and alarms

indication of the severity of the fail

characteristics of an item. The occurrence of a single anomaly does not constitute an

The origin of defect naming can be confusing.

LPOMs when traffic is un-terminated.

A defect type (e.g. LP-EXC) has two parts:

Plug In Unit Defect Correlation

Plug In Unit [PIU] related defects

Alarm raised on the card/slot

PDH Traffic Defect Correlation

SDH traffic DEFECT correlation

into / removed from a HO VC

Low Order Path

High Order Path

Carrying a 2 Meg circuit in a STM frame

SDH Section Hierarchy

Downlink signal flow & High order part

Uplink signal flow & Low order part

Low order part

Two Common Alarms

RDI (Remote Defect Indication)

Alarms & Performance of High Order

Alarms & Performance of High Order

Downlink signal flow

Alarm report or return

Alarms & Performance of High Order

Alarms & Performance of High Order

BIP-8 computing to check bit error (B2_SD and B2_OVER)

Alarms & Performance of High Order

H1 and H2 bytes detecting

Frequency and phase alignment

J1, C2, B3 and G1 bytes detecting

Alarms & Performance of High Order

J1, C2, B3, G1, F2, F3 and N1 Bytes

Return alarm to the remote end

AU-4 pointers generating

Alarms & Performance of High Order

Set multiplex section overhead (MSOH) Bytes

K1, K2, D4-D12, S1, M1, E2 and B2 Bytes

Return alarm to the remote end

Alarms & Performance of High Order

Set regenerator section overhead (RSOH) Bytes

A1, A2, J0, E1, F1, D1-D3 and B1 Bytes

Alarms & Performance of Low Order

Alarms & Performance of Low Order

Low Order Path

PDH Physical Interface

Alarm report or return

Alarms & Performance of Low Order