Blood Flow Through Heart

CARDIAC CYCLE
The normal duration of the cardiac cycle is
0.8 second.
Each beat of the heart consists of systole
and diastole of atria and ventricles.
Systole is the contraction of the heart
during which blood is ejected out from the
heart
Diastole is the relaxation of the heart
during which the chambers of the heart
are filled with blood

Cycle
Lengt
h

FACTS TO REMEMBER
SYSTOLE IS CONTRACTION
-THE RISE IN PRESSURE IN THE

CONTRACTING CHAMBER
-BLOOD BEING EJECTED BY THE
CONTRACTING CHAMBER

DIASTOLE IS RELAXATION
- A FALL IN PRESSURE OF THE RELAXING
CHAMBER
- FILLING OF THE RELAXING CHAMBER

END DIASTOLIC VOLUME

STROKE VOLUME

END SYSTOLIC VOLUME

110 - 120 ml

70 ml
40 - 50 ml

SV = EDV-ESV
DURATION OF CARDIAC CYCLE
HR

Cardiac cycle - the total

picture

The normal duration of the cardiac cycle is

0.8 sec.
ATRIAL EVENTS:
Atrial Systole
Atrial Diastole

- 0.1 sec
- 0.7 sec

VENTRICULAR EVENTS:
Ventricular systole
- 0.3 sec
Ventricular diastole
- 0.5 sec

Ventricular Systole:
1. Isovolumetric contraction phase
2. Rapid Ejection phase
3. Reduced Ejection phase

- 0.05 sec

- 0.10 sec
- 0.15 sec

Ventricular diastole
1. Proto diastolic phase

0.04 sec

2. Isovolumetric Relaxation phase sec

3. First Rapid filling phase

0.06

0.10 sec

4. Slow Filling or Diastasis

0.20 sec

5. Last Rapid Filling Phase

0.10 sec

Events in the cardiac cycle

Initially, during diastole, all the four
chambers of the heart ie both atria
and ventricles are relaxed and filled
with blood due to venous return.

ATRIAL SYSTOLE
The end of
diastole
Atrial systole: 0.1
sec.
Atrial pressure rises.
Right atrial : 4-6
mmHg
Left atrial : 7-8
mmHg

Ventricular systole
Duration 0.3 sec. It has 3 phases.
1. Isovolumetric contraction phase:
0.05 sec
2. Rapid ejection phase: 0.10 sec
3. Reduced ejection phase: 0.15 sec

ISOVOLUMETRIC CONTRACTION
The Beginning of systole

After the ventricles have filled by

atrial contraction, AV (Atrioventricular) valves close as the
ventricles begin their contraction
and intraventricular pressure
increases .
The semilunar valves remain closed
and this makes ventricle a closed
cavity.
The volume in the ventricles remains
unchanged throughout the
contraction, hence the name
isovolumetric.
Closure of the AV valves in this phase
causes the first heart sound.

RAPID EJECTION
The semilunar valves

(aortic and pulmonary)

open at the beginning of
this phase.

2/3rd of stroke volume

ejected
Aortic pressure increases
but slightly less than
ventricles

REDUCED EJECTION
The end of systole

The continued contraction of

the ventricles pushes the
remaining blood into the blood
vessels ( Aorta and pulmonary
artery) slowly.

At the end of this phase the

ventricles begin to relax.

PROTODIASTOLIC PHASE
When ventricles begin to relax, the
AV valves close and the semilunar
valves remain open.
As the intra ventricular pressure
decreases below the pressure in the
aorta and pulmonary artery, the
blood tries to come back into the
ventricles.
This is prevented by closure of
semilunar valve which produces the

ISOVOLUMETRIC
RELAXATION
The
beginning of Diastole
In this phase, the ventricle is
in a closed cavity, which is
relaxing
During this phase the intra
ventricular pressure goes
below the atrial pressure.

FIRST RAPID VENTRICULAR

FILLING
Since there is reduced intra
ventricular pressure in this
phase, causing the
semilunar valves to close.
The AV valves open and
there is sudden rush of
blood into the ventricles
from the atria.

REDUCED VENTRICULAR FILLING

(Diastasis)
During this phase
both atria and
ventricles are relaxing
,the AV valve is open.
The blood entering the
atria,fill the ventricles
passively.

Last rapid filling phase

This phase coincides with atrial
contraction. The atria are in systole
forcing blood into the ventricles
which are relaxed.

PRESSURE CHANGES DURING

CARDIAC CYCE
Chambers of the heart show different pressures
during the various phases of the cardiac cycle.
Left ventricle will have higher pressure than right
ventricle and both atria have lower pressures.
During ventricular systole, LV pressure reaches a
maximum of 120-140 mm Hg and RV pressure
reaches a maximum of 25-30 mm Hg.
During ventricular diastole, LV pressure drops to
about 15-20 mm Hg and RV pressure drops to 0
mm Hg.

 Aortic pressure changes: At the beginning

of rapid ejection phase 120 mm Hg and at
the beginning of ventricular diastole 80
mm Hg.
Pulmonary artery pressure changes during
ventricular systole will reach a maximum
of
25-30 mm Hg and during
ventricular diastole it reduces to 0 mm Hg.
Atrial pressure varies between 0 mm Hg
when relaxing to a maximum of 15-20 mm
Hg during contraction.

HEART SOUNDS
First heart sound :
It is due to the closure of AV valves
( mitral and tricuspid valves) .
Heard as LUB
Duration is 0.09 to 0.15 seconds
It is characterized by prolonged ,loud
sound and best heard at mitral and
tricuspid areas

Second heart sound: :

It is due to the closure of semilunar
valves. Heard as DUP,
Duration is 0.10 seconds
It is characterized by short,sharp
sound and best heard at aortic and
pulmonary areas.