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Documente Cultură
Farmasi
Golongan Vitamin
Solubilit
y
logP
Thiamine
Water
-2.96
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin, hydroxycobalamin,
methylcobalamin
Water
-3.52
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Water
-0.85
Vitamin B3
Niacin, niacinamide
Water
-0.61
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
Water
-1.31
Vitamin B6
Water
-1.05
Vitamin B7
Biotin
Water
0.20
Vitamin B9
Water
0.16
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Water
-2.34
Vitamin A
Fat
4.32
Vitamin D
Cholecalciferol
Fat
6.58
Vitamin E
Tocopherols, tocotrienols
Fat
9.60
Vitamin K
phylloquinone, menaquinones
Fat
8.43
Generic name
Vitamin B1
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Vitamin C dan B
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Pilihan Metode
No
Metode
Sampel
Sumber
2. HPLC-DAD
pharmaceutical
preparations
Analytica Chimica
Acta 2004 520:
57-67
J. Agric. Food
Chem. 2005, 53,
1370-1373
3. Spectrophotometric
pharmaceutical
preparations &
fresh fruit juices
4. Nonspectrophotometric
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natural and
fortified food
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samples &
Analytica Chimica
Acta 2000 417: 1- 8
14
Catalytic voltammetric
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Sample
1. tablets containing ascorbic acid as a single component
(chewable tablets);
2. tablets containing sodium carbonate combined with
ascorbic acid (effervescent tablets);
3. powdered vitamin C;
4. ampoules containing ascorbic acid as the single
component;
5. multivitamin capsules containing vitamins A, B complex,
D2 and E, nicotinamide, calcium pantothenate, and folic
acid together with minerals (Fe2+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Cu2+,
Zn2+ and Mo2+ );
6. multivitamin tablets containing vitamins A, B complex,
D2 and E, nicotinamide, calcium panthothenate, folic acid.
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Instrumentasi
EG&G potentiostat/galvanostat model 273 coupled
with an IBM personal computer connected to an Epson
model FX-850 printer was used.
A conventional three-electrode cell thermostatted
at 25+0.1C with calomel electrode as reference
electrode, a platinum wire as auxiliary electrode
and a glassy carbon disk as working electrode
(A=0.126 cm2 from EG&G) was used.
The working electrode was polished with alumina
powder (0.05 /tm) and then washed with water and
acetone in turn before each voltammetric
measurement.
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Procedure
VitC tablets, capsules or
powders
An accurately weighed portion of finely
powdered sample equivalent to about
100 mg of ascorbic acid was transferred
to a 10 mL assay tube and ascorbic acid
was extracted with two 5 mL portions of
0.5% citric acid in bidistilled water. The
extracts were combined in a 50 mL flask
and diluted to volume. A 1 mL portion of
extract was diluted with 10 mL of glycine
buffer pH 4, containing 0.1 M LiCIO4 and
0.1 mM ferrocenecarboxylic acid, in a
voltammetric cell and a cyclic
voltammogram was recorded using a well
polished glassy carbon (GC) electrode.
The amount of ascorbic acid was
determined by means of a calibration
graph.
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electrochemical oxidation
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Cyclic
voltammograms
(a) 2 mM ferrocenecarboxylic
acid in 0.5 M glycine buffer +
0.1 M LiCIO4 at pH 4,
(b) as for (a) but with addition
of 5 mM ascorbic acid,
(c) 5 mM ascorbic acid in
buffer solution pH 4.
Scan rate: 5 mV s-1.
anodic peak current for cyclic
voltammograms with a scan
rate of 10 mV s-1 was
proportional to the ascorbic
acid concentration within the
range 5 x 10-5 s/d 1 x 10-3 M
with only a small intercept.
The regression equation was:
i (mA) = - 1.28 + 9757C (M);
r = 0.999, n = 6.
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Procedure
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Interference
Some reducing ions, such as
1. Fe(II) exceeded 3 mM,
2. Cu(I),
3. Sn(II) and
4. Sulphite
The experimental investigation showed that these ions did not interfere in
buffered solution up to 50, 20, 100 and 100 mM respectively
The results of the analysis of some pharmaceutical preparations using the
proposed method compared favourably with those obtained by the USP
method confirming that no interference was observed from concomitant
mineral ions, other vitamins, glucose, sucrose, nicotinamide and
tablet excipients
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Metode Pembanding
A 0.05 M iodine solution was standardized in the
usual way with a primary standard of As 203 or
titrisol thiosulphate solution. For pharmaceutical
analysis an iodimetric procedure described in the
US Pharmacopeia (USP) was used.
Larutan standar Iod 0,05 M yang telah dibakukan
dengan As203 atau larutan titrisol tiosulfat
digunakan dalam metode pembanding seperti
yang tercantum dalam US Pharmacopeia (USP).
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HPLC-DAD
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Sample
Vitamin drink (Penko, Krnov, Czech
Republic) consisted of vitamins (thiamine,
riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid,
nicotinamide, -tocopherol,
cyanocobalamin, l-ascorbic acid, folic
acid) and adjuvants (saccharose, glucose,
E330, maltodextrine, natural identical
aroma, milk proteins, lemon pectin, soy
lecithin, ZnO, MnSO4 and Na2SeO3).
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Preparasi sampel
The homogenised samples of Vitamin
drink (1 g of powder) were dissolved
in 10 mL of solution consisted of
0.010% trifluoroacetic acid
(TFA):methanol (50:50) and stirred
on Vortex for 15 min.
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Instrumentasi
An HP 1100 liquid chromatographic system (HewlettPackard, Waldbronn, Germany) was equipped with a
vacuum degasser (G1322A), a binary pump
(G1312A), an auto sampler (G1313A), a column
thermostat (G1316A), and a UV-Vis diode array
detector (model G1315A) working at 190690 nm.
The ChemStation software (Rev. A 08.01)
controlled the whole liquid chromatographic system.
Spectra were registered in the range of 190400 nm
(SBW 100 nm).
Chromatograms were registered at 280 nm.
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Sistem Kromatografi
Reversed-phase chromatographic columns Zorbax
AAA (150mm4.6 mm, 3.5 m particle size, Agilent
Technologies, USA), Atlantis dC18 (150mm2.1
mm, 3 m particle size, Waters, Milford, MA, USA)
and MetaChem Polaris C18-A (150mm 4.6 mm,
3m particle size, Ansys Technologies, Torrance, CA,
USA) were tested for the separation of vitamins.
The flow rate was 0.7 mLmin1. Auto sampler
injection was 3 L.
Gradient of mobile phase and its composition
was tested, too. See next slide.
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Gradient profile
(A, mobile phase methanol) for
simultaneous vitamin
separation that started at 95:5
(0.010% TFA:methanol) and
was constant in the first 4
min, then decreased to 2:98
during the next 10 min and
finally linearly increased up to
95:5 from 32 to 35 min is
shown on (A); pH value was
3.9.
Simultaneous HPLCUV
chromatograms of water- and
fat-soluble vitamins at three
detection wavelengths: 230
nm (B), 266 nm (C) and 280
nm (D). Vitamin concentrations
were 100 gmL1. Other
conditions are the same as in
Fig. 2.
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Simultaneous HPLCUV
determination
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Dependences of
retention (A) and
symmetry (B)
factors
Dependences of retention (A) and
symmetry (B) factors of water- and
fat-soluble vitamins (100 gmL 1 of
each) on pH values, respectively.
MetaChem Polaris C18-A column,
mobile phase consisted of 0.010%
TFA and methanol; gradient profile
started at 92:8 (TFA:methanol;
(v/v)) and was constant in the first
2 min, then decreased to 2:98
during the next 10 min and finally
linearly increased up to 92:8 from
32 to 35 min. Vitamin
concentrations were 100 gmL 1.
Autosampler injection was 3 L.
HPLCUV parameters: MetaChem
Polaris C18-A (150mm 4.6 mm, 3
m particle size, Ansys
Technologies, Torrance, CA, USA;
isocratic flow rate of 0.7 ml min 1;
column temperature 20C;
detection wavelength of DAD is
280 nm.
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Kromatogram
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Validation
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Spectrophotometric
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Sample
1. tablets containing ascorbic acid as a single component: Vitamin-C
(Alexandria) , Vitascorbol (Specia) and Vitacid-C effervescent tablets (Cid);
2. tablets containing ascorbic acid in combination with salicylamide: Cidal-C (Cid) ;
with phenylephrine, paracetamol and caffeine: Rhino-C (Cid); with rutin: Ruta-C-60
(Kahira); and with menadiol dibutyrate and rutin: Styptobion (Nile/Merck);
3. tablets containing ascorbic acid with vitamins A, B complex, D2 and E,
nicotinamide and calcium pantothenate together with minerals: Chewa-vit (PfizerEgypt), Totacid (Cid) , Optical Compound (Eipico/ Leo) and Thereagran Hematic
(Squibb-Egypt);
4. effervescent tablets containing calcium carbonate combined with ascorbic acid:
Vitacid-calcium (Cid);
5. multivitamin capsules containing vitamins A, B complex, D2 and E with
minerals: Mineravit (Eipico) , Obron (Pfizer-Egypt) and Viterra (Pfizer-Egypt);
6. syrups containing vitamins A, B complex, D2 and E, nicotinamide and calcium
pantothenate: Beco-C (Misr), Medivit (Adco) and Fruital (Cid);
7. ampoules containing either ascorbic acid alone: Cevarol (Memphis); or combined
with novalgine: Cevagine (Memphis); with menadion sodium diphosphate and
rutin: Styptobion (Nile/Merck); with calcium glubionate: Calcium-C Sandoz
(Sandoz); or with other vitamins and nicotinamide: Polyvit (Misr);
8. Drops containing ascorbic acid as a single component: Ceviline (Kahira).
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Reaction
The procedure is based on
the reaction of ascorbic acid
with the zinc chloride salt of
diazotized Iaminoanthraquinone (Fast
Red AL salt) in an acidic
medium, followed by
development of a blue colour
(max 630 nm) in alkaline
solution.
The mechanism of the
reaction between the
diazonium salt of 1aminoanthraquinone (I) and
ascorbic acid (II) to form the
lactone (III), which in an
alkaline medium, yields the
xalohydrazide derivative
(IV) , is shown in Scheme 1
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General Procedure
In a 10 mL calibrated flask were placed 1
mL of the standard or the sample
preparation, 1 mL of the reagent solution
and 2 mL of 10% sodium hydroxide
solution. The volume was made up to the
mark with distilled water, the solution
mixed and the absorbance at 630 nm
measured against a reagent blank
prepared similarly (absorbance of the
reagent blank = 0.002).
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Absorption Spectra
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Stability of Colour
The colour developed immediately,
attained a maximum within 1 min
and remained stable for at least 2
h.
1.Berapakah OT reaksi dalam hal
ini?
2.Kenapa air dapat mengurangi
stabilitas dari produk yang
terbentuk antara asam askorbat
dan pereaksi?
Stability of Ascorbic Acid
Fifty percent of the reagentreducing activity of a solution of
ascorbic acid (200 g.mL-1)
disappeared within 2 h (Fig. 2).
When ascorbic acid was prepared
in 5% trichloracetic acid, 0.5%
oxalic acid or 0.5% citric acid, the
reducing activity was stable for 2 h
but it decreased steadily after that
time
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Concentration of
The
colour developed strongly
Reagent
as the amount of Fast Red AL
salt in the reaction mixture
was increased from 0.75 to
1.25 mL of a 0.25% solution
(Fig. 3).
Info:
Oxalic and citric acids have
been reported to be efficient
stabilizers of ascorbic acid
solution,16,17 but the resulting
final solutions were turbid
when oxalic acid was used;
therefore, citric acid, which
produces no turbidity, was
used throughout this work
16
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Type and
Concentration of
Alkali
In acidic and neutral media, no
development of colour was
observed, whereas in an
alkaline medium the blue
colour developed rapidly.
Different alkalis were tested
(Table 1) and all produced
virtually identical absorbance
readings but with small shifts
in the maxima. Sodium
hydroxide was preferred as the
max observed with this alkali
was shifted to the longest
wavelength. In addition, the
use of an excess of sodium
hydroxide is required in order
to dissolve any precipitated
zinc hydroxide (resulting from
the zinc chloride present in the
reagent)
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Effect
Diluting
Methanol, of
ethanol,
water,
propan-2-ol,
Solventsdimethyl
sulphoxide and
dimethylformamide were
tested as diluting solvents
(Table2). The results revealed
that water and ethanol were
the best solvents. However,
water was used throughout
this work; this is an additional
advantage of the proposed
method. Carbon tetrachloride,
chloroform and 1,2dichIoroethane were not
suitable as the colour produced
could not be extracted into
these solvents.
Table 3 represent the recovery
result of ascorbic acid with
other substance
Kenapa molekul lain dalam
sampel tidak mengganggu
perolehan kembali dari asam
askorbat?
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Dimethoxydiquinone
Dimethoxydiquinon
e gives a violetcolored product
with ascorbic acid
in a phosphate
buffer (pH 6.6). The
reduced indigoid
quinhydrone form
is perhaps
responsible for the
formation of violetcolored product
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DMDQ Interferences
Riboflavin and copper interfere.
The interference of iron(II) sulfate
responsible for precipitation can be
removed by centrifugation.
Though the method is not sufficiently
sensitive (=1.62x103), it can still be
applied to the analysis of citrus fruits
after extracting the colored product into
chloroform
(max=530 nm).
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DCIP as dye
The blue dye DCIP is reduced to the
colorless form on addition of ascorbic
acid but it gives a pink color to the
acidic solutions.
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Color extraction
Using the dye, ascorbic acid present in
sample has been determined. The
excess dye can be extracted with
xylene or butanol.
Many substances which are capable of
reducing the dye resulting from the
preparation and processing of samples
interfere.
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Tetrachlorobenzoquinone as
dye
Ascorbic acid is determined at 336 nm
(=535 cm2 mol1) via a decrease in
absorbance of 7.104 M
tetrachlorobenzoquinone (chloranil) in 80%
acetonewater (v/v) medium.
With these methods, mixtures of ascorbic
acid with thiols like o-mercaptobenzoic acid,
mercaptosuccinic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic
acid can not be resolved.
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Methylene Blue
Methylene Blue has been used to
determine ascorbic acid in food products.
The colorless form of the dye is extracted
into chloroform after its reduction with
ascorbic acid; back oxidation of the
dihydro derivative to Methylene Blue has
been used for the assay of ascorbic acid
(max=653 nm). The method is reported
to be highly sensitive.
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Diazotized dye
A purplish or blue colored species is produced by these salts with
ascorbic acid in alkaline medium. Diazotized-4-methoxy-2nitroaniline couples with ascorbic acid in oxalic acid medium in the
presence of ethanol or isopropanol, giving a purplish color in
alkaline solutions.
Though Fe(II), Sn(II) and dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) do not
interfere, the presence of reductones and reductic acid requires
formaldehyde condensation. Low contents of vitamin C in the
presence of flavanoids and pectic substances are also detected.
The reaction of ascorbic acid with 4-nitrobenzene diazonium
fluoroborate in acetic acid medium was used for its determination
at max 415 nm. But the mixture has to be kept for 25 min in the
dark, followed by the addition of sodium hydroxide.
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4-Chloro-7nitrobenzofurazane
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazane forms a bluish green colored
species with ascorbic acid in presence of 0.2 M NaOH.
The absorbance is measured at 582 nm after diluting the
reaction contents with 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone solution.
Beers law is obeyed in the concentration range 5 20
gmL1. The colored product is stable for 30 min only when
kept away from direct sunlight or artificial day light.
The method is reported free from the interference of all
other vitamins and minerals present in multivitamin
preparations and can be applied to the analysis of
pharmaceuticals, fresh fruit juices and vegetables.
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2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium
chloride
Hashmi et al. proposed a method based on
the reaction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium
chloride with ascorbic acid in alkaline
medium. The pink solution is allowed to stand
in the dark for 30 min at 25C; it obeys Beers
law over the range 5-25 g mL1.
Sugars (>15 g mL1) except sucrose
interfere by forming a similar color to that of
the reagent. Riboflavin, cyanocobalamin and
folic acid interfere due to their own color.
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Phenylhydrazinium chloride
Phenylhydrazinium chloride produces a yellow color
(max =395 nm) when treated with ascorbic acid in
0.1 M HCl medium.
The reaction contents are kept for 1 h in an incubator
or water bath at 502C, thus making the method
time-consuming. Beers law is obeyed in the range
25100 g of ascorbic acid.
No interference is observed from other vitamins,
minerals, glucose, sucrose, excipients and reducing
agents. However, the presence of excessive amounts
of riboflavin requires the addition of 0.5 g talc, which
imparts a yellow color to the solution.
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3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone
hydrazone
3-Methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone
reacts in the presence of sodium
metaperiodate to form a blue colored
solution (max =630 nm) which helps in
the determination of ascorbic acid over
the range 6-14 meq mL1.
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LEUCOMALACHITE GREEN
(LMG)
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Principle
AA reacts with potassium iodide-iodate solution
under acidic conditions to liberate iodine and
the liberated iodine selectively oxidizes LMG to
MG dye. The colour of the dye was measured
at 620 nm. Beers law is obeyed over the
concentration range of 0.8-8 g AA per 25 mL
of final solution (0.032-0.32 ppm). The
apparent molar absorptivity and Sandells
sensitivity of the method were found to be
2.98x105 l mol-1cm-1, 0.0042 g cm-2, and
respectively.
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reaction
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pharmaceuticals
All drug samples tested were fresh and purchased
from local pharmacy. An AA tablet or the content of a
capsule were weighed, ground in to a fine power and
stirred for 2-3 min with 50 mL of deionized water. 1
mL of 5% EDTA was added and filtered through
Whatman No. 41 filter paper.
The insoluble mass was washed with three successive
5 mL portions of water and the filtrate plus washings
were diluted to volume in a 250 mL calibrated flask. A
known volume was further diluted depending on the
AA content and the colour of the sample. 1 mL aliquot
was analyzed as recommended above.
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Procedures
An aliquot of sample solution containing 0.8-8.0 g AA was
transferred in to a series of 25 mL graduated tube. To this 0.4 mL
of potassium iodide-potassium iodate mixture solution and 1 mL
of 0.02-mol l-1 hydrochloric acid solution were added, and the
mixture was gently shaken until the appearance of yellow colour,
indicating the liberation of iodine. Then 1 mL of 0.05% LMG
solution was added to it followed by addition of 2 mL of acetate
buffer (pH-4.5).
The contents were heated (~ 40C) in a water bath for 5 min,
cooled to room temp and diluted to the mark with distilled water.
The mixture was kept for 10 min for completion of the reaction.
The absorbance of the formed dye was measured at 620 nm
against the reagent blank. The concentration of AA content was
established from the calibration graph.
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Comparison
It offers a sensitivity,
selectivity, simplicity and
cost-effectiveness of the
method. The method
involves no extraction
steps, thereby the use of
organic solvents, which are
generally toxic in nature
are avoided. The stability
of formed MG dye is an
added advantage of the
method. The sensitivity in
terms of molar absorptivity
and precision in terms of
relative standard deviation
of the present method
indicated it to be very
reliable for the
determination of AA in
various samples. This
2
method
Mei 2013 is good alternative
to some reported costly
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Non-spectrophotometric
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Titrimetric methods
1.
2.
3.
4.
2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol (DCIP)
tetrachlorobenzoquinone
N-bromosuccinimide
iodine, potassium iodate, potassium bromate &
iodine monochloride
5. chloramine T
6. o-Iodosobenzoate & o-diacetoxyiodobenzoate
7. thallium(III) perchlorate & copper(II) sulfate
8. cerium(IV) sulfate
9. potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)
10.ferricinium trichloroacetate
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2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol
(DCIP)
the reduction of DCIP (Tillimans Reagent) with
ascorbic acid in acidic solution.
Official method: the solution containing ca. 2
mg of ascorbic acid and 5 mL of a mixture of
metaphosphoric acid and acetic acid is
titrated with a standard solution of DCIP. The
titrant acts as a self indicator.
it is not applicable to many pharmaceutical
preparations containing Fe(II), Sn(II), Cu(I), SO2,
SO32 and S2O32 ions which are usually
associated with mineral or liver preparations.
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reaction
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Kekurangan DCIP
It is not applicable if:
there are substances naturally present in fruits or
biological materials such as tannins, betannins and
sulfhydryl compounds are oxidized by the dye
the concentration of dehydroascorbic acid is negligible
the alkalinity of the sample also hinders the
determination
natural or added colors render the end point difficult
to judge visibly such as edible dyes like amaranth,
indigotine and tetrazine present in pharmaceutical
preparations need removal either by ion exchange or
by addition of charcoal
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Modified DCIP
titrating the citrate buffered solutions (pH
3.5) with alcoholic solution (ethanol)
the alcoholic solution is claimed to be superior
to official solutions mainly because of its
stability, but it requires storage in a refrigerator
it can avoid or reduce interferences from colors,
iron, reductones and reductic acid
but the dye is useful only for solutions
containing not more than negligible amounts of
interfering substances and dehydroascorbic
acid
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Tetrachlorobenzoquinone
the presence of EDTA which acts as an indicator as
well as a masking agent for associated metal ion
impurities
the end point is detected by the appearance of a
golden yellow color
applicable for the interferences of citric acid, oxalic
acid, tartaric acid, glucose, sucrose and maltose
mixtures of ascorbic acid with thiols like cysteine, omercaptobenzoic acid, mercaptosuccinic acid and 3mercaptopropionic acid cannot be resolved
the interference of thiols is reported to be avoidable
by masking with acrylamide
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Reaction TCBQ
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N-bromosuccinimide
N-bromosuccinimide was introduced as a reagent for
the determination of ascorbic acid using starch as an
indicator
Reductones, reductic acid and iron salts do not
interfere with this titration, but it was found to give
unsatisfactory results with the samples of preserved
juices and squashes containing metabisulfite as a
preservative
Quinoline yellow solution has been used for detecting
the end point in the titrations with Nbromophthalimide and N-bromosaccharin
These reagents were also used in the potentiometric
titration of Vitamin C. Cysteine and glutamic acid
interfere
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N-bromosaccharin was used for the
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cerium(IV) sulfate
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Riboflavin
Human Liver Glycogen Phosphorylase a Complexed with
Riboflavin, N-2 Acetyl-beta-D-Glucopyranosylamine and
CP-403,700 (1L5R)
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Sample-
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Kromatogram
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Validation
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FIA
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Reaction
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Konsumsi pereaksi
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Hasil
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Samples
Five vitamin supplement
samples (Brands 1 to 5)
were analyzed. The
ingredients are listed in
Table 1. Brands 1 and 2
were from two different
pharmaceutical
companies, and Brands 3,
4, and 5 were from a third
company that produces
special vitamin tablets for
women, children, and the
elderly
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Sistem Kromatografi
Sistem gradien eluen
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Panjang gelombang
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Kondisi KCKT
Vit Water-soluble
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Vit Fat-soluble
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Kromatogram
VC & VB group vitamins
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Sample preparation
One gram of the pulverized dried thiamine
hydrochloride powder was dissolved in the least
necessary amount of water, transferred to a 100-mL
standard flask and made up to the mark with water.
Ten tablets were ground and the powder was mixed,
dried, and dissolved in the minimum of water, then
the solution was filtered into a 100-mL standard
flask and made up to the mark with water.
The contents of 10 vials were transferred to a 100mL standard flask and made up to the mark with
water.
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Potentiometric titration
Aliquots of thiamine hydrochloride sample solution (0.50-5.0
mL) were transferred to a 100-mL beaker and diluted to 10
mL with water.
Ten ml of 1M sodium hydroxide were added and the solution
was stirred for 2 min. The silver-silver sulphide ion-selective
electrode and the double-junction silver-silver chloride
reference electrode were introduced into the solution and
standard 0.01M silver nitrate was slowly added from a darkglass burette with its tip immersed in the solution.
The electrode potential was monitored as a function of the
titrant volume added. Titration end-points were calculated
from first or second derivative titration curves (1 mL of
O.OlM silver nitrate 1.535 mg of thiamine hydrochloride).
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Hasil
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Metode lainnya
Derivatisasi KCKT: Analytical Biochemistry,
333 (2004) 336344 VitB6 & B12
Spektofotometri derivatisasi: J.Pharm.
Biomed. Analysis, 22 (2000) 915923
VitB1 & B6
Voltammetri: J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 14_2
(2003) 316-321 & Talanta, 61 (2003)
743/753 VitB6 & B12
Fluorometri: Fresenius J Anal Chem, 368
(2000) 836838 VitB12
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Vitamin A, D, E dan K
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Retinol
Crystal Structure of Human Holo Cellular Retinol-binding
Protein II (CRBP-II) from 2RCT
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Metode Analisis
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Flow Injectionchemiluminescence
Tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)
[Ru(bpy)32+]
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Hasil
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Interference studies
The influence of commonly used excipients and additives
in pharmaceutical formulations was investigated by
analyzing solutions containing 1.0 10 6 mol/L vitamin A.
The tolerable foreign species were taken as a relative
error not greater than 8%.
No interference could be found when 750-fold sorbitol and
mannitol, 500-fold glycerol and cellulose, 200-fold
sucrose, glucose, starch, gum acacia, magnesium
stearate and glycerol monostearate, 100-fold stearic acid
and tocopherol, 10-fold triglyceride and 1-fold vitamin D3
and cholesterol were added to 1.0 10 6 mol/L vitamin A.
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Retinol
Crystal Structure of Human Holo Cellular Retinol-binding
Protein II (CRBP-II) from 2RCT
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Prosedur kerja
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Hasil
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Tocopherol
Crystal Structure of Human Alpha-tocopherol Transfer
Protein Bound to Its Ligand (1R5L)
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Preparasi
Transesterifikasi
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Sampel
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Reaction
The rate of reaction is
indicated by the rate of
colour development, which
depends on the rate of
reduction of tetrazolium blue
by tocopherol. To optimize
conditions, we have
investigated a number of
parameters such as
alkalinity, temperature, time,
reagent concentration,
solvent, transesterification
and order of additions
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Validasi
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Hasil
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Hasil1
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Hasil2
The method proposed for
determining vitamin K1
combines the advantages
of photochemical
reactions (e.g. selectivity,
sensitivity, cleanliness
and easy manipulation)
with those associated
with the use of flowinjection systems (e.g.
simplicity, rapidity and
low cost)
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Vitamin K
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Terima Kasih
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