Balancing of Rotating Masses

Unit - II
BALANCING
Unit-II
ME2302-Dynamics of Machinery
K.M.Kumar
Balancing of Rotating
Masses
whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it

exerts some centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the
shaft and to produce vibrations in it.
In order to prevent the effect of centrifugal force, another
mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft, at such a
position so as to balance the effect of the centrifugal force
of the first mass.
The process of providing the second mass in order to
counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first
mass, is called balancing of rotating masses.
The following cases are important from the subject point of
view:
1. Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single
mass rotating in the same plane.
2.
Balancing of a single rotating mass by two K.M.Kumar
masses
By a
Single Mass Rotating in the Same
Plane
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Balancing of a Single Rotating

Mass By Two Masses Rotating in
Different Planes
The system in complete balance, two balancing masses are placed
in two different planes, parallel to the plane of rotation of the

disturbing mass, in such a way that they satisfy the following two
conditions of equilibrium
1. The net dynamic force acting on the shaft is equal to
zero. This requires that the line of action of three centrifugal
forces must be the same. In other words, the centre of the masses
of the system must lie on the axis of rotation. This is the condition
for static balancing.
2. The net couple due to the dynamic forces acting on the
shaft is equal to zero. In other words, the algebraic sum of the
moments about any point in the plane must be zero. The
conditions (1) and (2) together give dynamic balancing.
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Different Planes
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Different Planes
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Different Planes
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Masses
Rotating in the Same
Plane
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Plane
1. Analytical method
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Plane
2.
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Graphical method
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Balancing of Several
Masses Rotating in
Different Planes
The following two conditions must be
satisfied :
1. The forces in the reference plane
must balance,
i.e. the resultant force must be zero.
2. The couples about the reference
plane must balance,
i.e. the resultant couple must be zero.
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Masses Rotating in
Different Planes
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Masses Rotating in
Different Planes
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Balancing of
Reciprocating Masses
Several forces acting on the reciprocating
parts of an engine. The resultant of all the

forces acting on the body of the engine due
to inertia forces only is known as
unbalanced force or shaking force
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Forces Acting in the I.C

Engine
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Primary and Secondary

Unbalanced Forces of
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Primary and Secondary

Unbalanced Forces of
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Partial Balancing of
Unbalanced Primary Force in
a
Reciprocating Engine
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Unbalanced Primary Force in

a
Reciprocating Engine
As a compromise let a fraction c of the
reciprocating masses is balanced, such that c.m.r =
B.b
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Locomotives
The locomotives, usually, have two cylinders with cranks placed at
right angles to each other in order to have uniformity in turning

moment diagram. The two cylinder locomotives may be classified as :
1.
Inside cylinder locomotives ; and 2. Outside cylinder
locomotives.
In the inside cylinder locomotives, the two cylinders are placed
in between the planes of two driving wheels as shown in Fig.

whereas in the outside cylinder locomotives, the two cylinders
are placed outside the driving wheels, one on each side of the driving
wheel, as shown in Fig. The locomotives may be
(a)
Single or uncoupled locomotives ;
and (b) Coupled
locomotives
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Locomotives
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A single or uncoupled locomotive is one, in which the

effort is transmitted to one pair of the wheels only ;
whereas in coupled locomotives, the driving wheels
are connected to the leading and trailing wheel by an
ME2302-Dynamics
of Machinery
outside coupling
rod.
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Effect of Partial Balancing of

Reciprocating Parts of
Two Cylinder Locomotives
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The effect of an unbalanced primary force along

the line of stroke is to produce;
1.Variation in tractive force along the line of
stroke ; and
2. Swaying couple.
The effect of an unbalanced primary force
perpendicular to the line of stroke is to produce
variation in pressure on the rails, which results in
hammering action on the rails. The maximum
magnitude of the unbalanced force along the
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perpendicular
to the line of stroke is known
as a
Variation of Tractive Force

The resultant unbalanced force due to the
two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is

known as tractive force
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Swaying Couple
The unbalanced forces along the line of stroke
for the two cylinders constitute a couple about

the centre line YY between the cylinders
This couple has swaying effect about a vertical
axis, and tends to sway the engine alternately

in clockwise and anticlockwise directions. Hence
the couple is known as swaying couple.
Let a = Distance between the centre lines of
the two cylinders.

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Swaying Couple
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Hammer Blow
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Problem No.1
The following data refer to a two cylinder uncoupled
locomotives, Rotating mass per cylinder = 300 kg,
Reciprocating mass per cylinder = 330 kg, distance between
wheels = 1.5 m, distance between cylinder centres (or) pitch
of the cylinder = 600 mm, diameter of treads of driving
wheels = 1.8 m, carnks radius = 325 mm, radius of centre of
balance mass = 650 mm, locomotive speed = 60 km/hr,
angle between cylinder cranks = 90, dead load on each
wheel = 40 kN.determine (1) the balancing mass required in
the planes of driving wheels if whole of the revolving and 2/3
of the reciprocating mass are to be balanced.(2) the swaying
couple.(3) the variation in tractive force.(4) the maximum and
minimum pressure on the rail and(5) the maximum speed of
the locomotive without lifting the wheels from the rails.
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Problem No.2
The firing order of a six cylinder vertical 4stroke engine is 1-4-2-6-3-5. the piston stroke
is 80 mm and the length of the each
connecting rod is 180 mm. the pitch distances
between the cylinder centre lines are 80 mm,
80 mm, 120 mm, 80 mm, and 80 mm
respectively. The reciprocating mass per
cylinder is 1.2 kg and the engine speed is
2400 rpm. determine the out of balance
primary and secondary forces and couples of
the engine taking a plane midway between the
cylinder 3 and 4 as the reference point.
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Balancing of Rotating Masses

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Unit - II

whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it

Balancing of a Single Rotating

in two different planes, parallel to the plane of rotation of the

Balancing of a Single Rotating

Balancing of a Single Rotating

Balancing of a Single Rotating

Rotating in the Same

Rotating in the Same

The following two conditions must be

parts of an engine. The resultant of all the

Forces Acting in the I.C

Primary and Secondary

Primary and Secondary

Unbalanced Primary Force in

right angles to each other in order to have uniformity in turning

Inside cylinder locomotives ; and 2. Outside cylinder

in between the planes of two driving wheels as shown in Fig.

Single or uncoupled locomotives ;

and (b) Coupled

A single or uncoupled locomotive is one, in which the

Effect of Partial Balancing of

The effect of an unbalanced primary force along

Variation of Tractive Force

two cylinders, along the line of stroke, is

for the two cylinders constitute a couple about

axis, and tends to sway the engine alternately

the two cylinders.

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