FUNDAMENTALS OF PIPELINE

DESIGN, HYDRAULICS & PUMPS

WHAT YOU CAN EXPECT FROM THIS

PRESENTATION :
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.

UNDERSTANDING BASIC CONCEPTS OF HYDRAULICS

CALCULATING FRICTION LOSSES IN P/LS
CALCULATING THICKNESS OF P/LS
SELECTION OF DUTY POINT OF THE PUMP
CALCULATING PUMP POWER
UNDERSTANING PUMP CURVES
CALCULATING NPSH

WHAT IS EXPECTED OF YOU WHEN YOU GO

BACK TO YOUR WORK PLACE:
1. USE OF THESE FUNDAMENTALS IN PRACTICAL SCENARIO
2. CARRY OUT CALCULATIONS FOR YOUR SYSTEMS & CROSS CHECK WITH
PUMPS AVAILABLE

CHALLENGE :
1.

FIND OUT WAYS TO THEORATICAL FORMULAE TO CALCULATE

PRESSURE INCREASE DUE TO TEMPERATURE IN CLOSED PIPE SYSTEM
2. CARRY OUT EXPERIMENTS FOR FINDING OUT INCREASE IN PRESSURE
DUE TO TEMPERATURE

Pipeline design
AN INTRODUCTION
TO CONECPTS
OF
P/L DESIGN

Pipeline design
Key hydraulic parameters
effecting Pipeline design

Pipeline design
KEY HYDRAULIC PARAMETERS INFLUENCING DESIGN OF PIPELINES

Pipe characteristics : Internal diameter, Length &

relative roughness of internal pipe wall surface : Ratio of
absolute roughness of the pipe wall ( a measurement (cm.) of the average
heights of the bumps on the pipe wall surface) to the inside diameter of
the pipe ( cm.)

Physical properties of the fluids

(viscosity, density ,vapor pressure, compressibility,
temperature)

Pipe characteristics

Pipe characteristics

Pipe characteristics

Pipe Materials and Common Pipe Roughness Values

Material

e (mm)

e (inches)

Concrete

0.3 - 3.0

0.012 - 0.12

Cast Iron

0.26

0.010

Galvanized Iron

0.15

0.006

Asphalted Cast
Iron

0.12

0.0048

Commercial or
Welded Steel

0.045

0.0018

PVC, Glass,
Other Drawn
Tubing

0.0015

0.00006

Relation between flow & velocity

Physical properties of fluids

DENSITY : Density is defined as the mass of a substance with

respect to volume.

The power requirements of the pump and the pressure output are
determined by the density.
() = M [kg]/ V [m3]

Specific gravity indicates the density of a liquid compared to

the density of an equal volume of water at a reference temperature
of 15C.

SG = density of liquid at 15C/ density of water at 15C

API = (141.5 / SG) - 131.5 ( water has API gravity = 10) (arbitrary
measurement of density)

Properties of fluids

PROPERTIES / CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDS :

MASS:It is amount matter an object contains. Standard unit of mass is kilograms (kg).
WEIGHT:weight is measure of gravitational force exerted upon an object. It is measured in
Newton(N).
weight (N)= mass x acceleration due to gravity ( KG M./SQ.SEC.)

Properties of fluids

FLASH POINT:

It is temperature at which the liquid gives off

sufficient vapor to form a mixture with air that
can be ignited by a flame.

Properties of fluids

VISCOSITY:It is property of liquid which describe its resistance to flow.

viscosity is not related to density however is directly related to friction.
Absolute dynamic viscosity Units: kg/m .s
Smaller unit: Centipoise(cp)
SI Unit: mPa . S which is equal to cp.
Kinematic viscoisity :
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to the density.
= / (m2 / s)
Unit: Centipoise(cs)
1 cs = 1 mm2 / s

Effect of temperature on density

Effect of density on power of

pumps

Properties of fluids

SOLUBILITY:

It is capacity of a substance to be dissolved.

Most diesel fuels & petroleum products dissolve
easily & operator must keep liquid flowing rate
at a rate above recommended critical velocity.

Properties of fluids

COMPRESSIBILITY:

It is extent to which a liquid can be compressed.

Pressure is inversely proportional to volume.

VAPOUR PRESSURE:

It is a pressure above which liquid will not further vaporize.

It is pressure that maintains a liquid and its vapor in
equilibrium at given temp.
Vapor pressure rises exponentially with temp

Properties of fluids

EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON FLUIDS

As temperature increases:

the volume of a liquid increases

liquid eventually vaporize

the specific gravity of a liquid decreases

THERMAL EXPANSION:-

It is property of liquid to expand as their temperature rises & Hence batch volumes
are corrected to 15 deg. Cent.
VOLATILITY:-

It is tendency of substance to vaporize.The Reid Vapor Pressure represents the

vapor pressure of the liquid at a standard temp. of 37.8c.

Properties of fluids

Vapor pressure is a measure of a liquids volatility. A high vapor pressure

usually is an indication of a volatile liquid, or one that readily vaporizes.

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure equals
atmospheric pressure, such that the pressure of the atmosphere can no
longer hold the liquid in a liquid state and bubbles begin to form. In
general, a low boiling point indicates a high vapor pressure and, possibly,
an increased fire hazard.

RVP (Gasoline) : 9 Psi

RVP (Diesel) : 0.3 Psi

Relation of Volume with temperature

Coefficient of expansion of Petroleum

products

Coefficient of expansion of SKO/MS :

0.0010/deg.centigrade

Vaporisation in Pipeline systems

Pipeline design
Calculating pipeline friction
losses

Pipeline design

Pipe line design

Reynolds number
Reynolds number :
Re = 35357*Q/ D* nu
Q : Flow rate ( cum./hr.)
D : Pipe inside dia ( cm.)
nu : viscosity ( cs)

Re less than 2000 : laminar flow

Re between 2000-4000 : critical flow

Re greater than 4000 : turbulent flow

Reynolds Number

Type of Flows

Pipe line design

Pipe line design

Moodys Diagaram

Moodys diagram

Pipeline design

Pipeline design

Darcys equation

Calculating friction losses in a pipeline

system

Friction factor is determined using a moody

diagram for a specific Reynolds number &
relative roughness of the pipeline
Darcys equation is used to calculate friction
losses :
(head loss due to friction)(M): f * L* V2 / 19.6*D
f : Friction factor , L : length of P/L(m),
V: velocity (m/sec.) , D : inside Dia of pipe(m)

Pipeline design

Calculating Pipeline
thickness

Calculating design thickness of pipelines

Max. Allowable stress for a pipeline:

S : 0.72 * E * specified min. yield strength of the
Pipe ( psi)
0.72 : design factor
E : weld joint factor (1.0 for ERW / SMLS pipes)
t : (Pi *D) / 2 S
T : t + Corrosion allowance ( 0.5 mm)
MAOP : 90 % of Pi

Pipeline design

Pipeline hydraulic
concepts

Hydraulic gradient

Bernaulis equation

Use of Bernoulli's equation

Use of Bernoulli's equation

Continuity equation

Steady state energy equation

Steady state energy equation

Following conditions must be met while

applying steady state energy equation :
1. Flow is constant, or steady state
2. Density is constant between A& B
3. There is no heat transfer between A&
B

Steady state energy equation

Steady state energy equation

Steady state energy equation

Concepts of Head

Concepts of Head

Concepts of Head

Pipeline design

Surges in Pipelines

Controlling surges

Controlling Surges

The Joukowski equation is as follows:

h = C V/g

where h = head change

C = wave speed

V = Fluid Velocity change

g= gravitational constant

The gravitational constant cannot be changed and the wave speed of the
flowing media stays basically the same. The only variable in the equation
is the delta V. The key to surge control is to bring the deltaV, fluid velocity
change, down in steps to stay within the pressure rating of the pipe and
fittings

How to handle surges

Some design approaches to alleviate surge

pressures in pipelines are:
1. Complete computer modeling of pipeline profile
during initial stages of pipeline design work.
2. Stage pump shutdown sequence
3. Linked ship/shore ESD (Loading and off- loading
tankers).
4. Stage emergency shutdown or motor operated
valve closure times.
5. Select proper surge pressure relief system.

Centrifugal pumps

A typical centrifugal pump

Centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps

Pump curves

Pump curves

Pump power calculation

Pump curves

Pump curves ( water vs. liquids)

Pump- System resistance curve

Pump Throttling

Pump curves- Throttling vs. VFD

Pumps Parallel operation

NPSH

NPSH

NPSH

NPSHA : HA +/- Hz Hf VP
HA : Absolute Atmospheric pressure
Hz : Vertical distance between tank level
& pump eye
Hf : Head loss due to friction
VP : Absolute vapour pressure at
pumping temperature
NPSHA should be greater than NPSH of
the pump