06 Reaksi Dalam Larutan Berair

Reactions in Aqueous
Solution
Chapter 5
Compounds in Aqueous Solution

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
This is a reaction in which reactants are in solution
Solution homogeneous mixture composed of two
parts:
solute the medium which is dissolved
solvent the medium which dissolves the solute.
Chapter 5

Compounds in Water
Some compounds conduct electricity when dissolved in
water electrolytes
Those compounds which do not conduct electricity when
dissolved in water are called nonelectrolytes
a. Nonelectrolyte
b. Weak electrolyte
c. Strong electrolyte
Chapter 5

Ionic Compounds in Water (Electrolytes)
The conductivity of the solution is due to the formation
of ions when the compound dissolves in water
NaCl ( s ) H 2O Na ( aq ) Cl ( aq )
These ions are not the result of a chemical reaction, they
are the result of a dissociation of the molecule into ions
that compose the solid.
Chapter 5

Ionic Compounds in Water
Chapter 5

Molecular Compounds in Water(Nonelectrolytes)
In this case no ions are formed, the molecules just
disperse throughout the solvent.
sugar ( s ) sugar ( aq)

H 2O
Chapter 5

Strong and Weak Electrolytes
Strong electrolytes A substance which completely
ionizes in water.
For example:
HCl H 2O H 3O Cl
Chapter 5

Weak electrolyte: A substance which partially ionizes
when dissolved in water.
For example:
CH 3CO2 H H 2O CH 3CO2 H 3O
Chapter 5

Notice that the arrow in this reaction has two heads,
this indicates that two opposing reactions are
occurring simultaneously.
Chapter 5

and
CH 3CO2 H 3O CH 3CO2 H H 2O
Since both reactions occur at the same time, this is

called a chemical equilibrium.
Chapter 5
10
Chapter 5
11
Chapter 5
12
Precipitation Reaction
Chapter 5
13
- A reaction which forms a solid (precipitate)
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
- AgCl is classified as an insoluble substance
Chapter 5
14
Net Ionic Equation
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
- AgNO3 and NaNO3 are electrolytes in solution so they
actually occur as free ions.
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
Chapter 5
15
Net Ionic Equation
Ag+(aq) + NO3-(aq) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
AgCl(s) + Na+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
- Notice that NO3-(aq) and Na+(aq) occur in both the left
and right side of the equation.
-These are called spectator ions.
Chapter 5
16
Net Ionic Equation
Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) AgCl(s)
- With the spectator ions removed, the resulting
equation shows only the ions involved in the reaction
remain.
- This is a net ionic equation.
Chapter 5
17

Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
Chapter 5
18

1. Predict the solubility of the following compounds:
PbSO4
AgCH3CO2
(NH4)3PO4
KClO4
Chapter 5
19

Predict the solubility of the following compounds:
PbSO4
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
(NH4)3PO4
KClO4
Chapter 5
20

PbSO4
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
KClO4
Chapter 5
21

PbSO4
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
Soluble
KClO4
Chapter 5
22

1. Predict the solubility of the following compounds:
PbSO4
Insoluble
AgCH3CO2
Soluble
(NH4)3PO4
Soluble
KClO4
Soluble
2. Predict the precipitate produced by mixing an Al(NO3)3 solution

with NaOH solution. Write the net ionic equation for the reaction.
Chapter 5
23
Chapter 5
24
Acids and Bases
Chapter 5
25
Acids and Bases

Acid - substance which ionizes to form hydrogen cations
(H+) in solution
Examples:
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
Nitric Acid
HNO3
Acetic Acid
CH3CO2H
Sulfuric Acid
H2SO4
Sulfuric acid can provide two H+s - Diprotic acid,
The other acids can provide only one H+
- Monoprotic acid.
Chapter 5
26
Acids and Bases

Diprotic acid
H2SO4 H+ + HSO4HSO4-
H+ + SO42-
H2SO4 merupakan asam kuat atau elektrolit kuat (tahap ionisasi

pertama berlangsung sempurna), tetapi HSO4- adalah asam lemah
atau elektrolit lemah (diperlukan panah dua arah untuk
menunjukkan ionisasi tak sempurna)
Chapter 5
27
Acids and Bases

Triprotic acid
H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4H2PO4- H+ + HPO42HPO42- H+ + PO43Keberadaan asam triprotik relatif sedikit, sebagai contohnya adalah
asam fosfat. H3PO4 , H2PO4- , dan HPO42- merupakan asam lemah
(dibutuhkan panah dua arah untuk menunjukkan tahap-tahap
ionisasi)
Chapter 5
28
Acids and Bases

Base - substance which ionizes to form OH- ions in
solution
substance which reacts with H+ ions.
Examples:
ammonia
sodium hydroxide
Chapter 5
NH3
NaOH
29
Acids and Bases

Acid-Base Reaction
H+ + OH- H2O
- It is clear that the metal hydroxides (NaOH for
example) provide OH- by disassociation.
- Bases like ammonia make OH- by reacting with water
(ionization)
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
Chapter 5
30
Acids and Bases

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes.
Weak acids and bases are weak electrolytes.
Chapter 5
31
Acids and Bases

Strong Acids
- The strength of acids and bases are concerned with
the ionization (or dissociation) of the substance, not its
chemical reactivity.
Example:
Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a weak acid, but it is very
chemically reactive.
- this substance cant be stored in glass bottles
because it reacts with glass (silicon dioxide).
Chapter 5
32
Acids and Bases

Common Strong Acids and Bases
Common Strong Acids
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydroiodic acid
Nitric Acid
Perchloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
HClO4
H2SO4
Chapter 5
33
Acids and Bases

Common Strong Acids and Bases
Common Strong Bases
Lithium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Hydroxide
Chapter 5
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
34
Acids, Bases, and Salts

Neutralization Reaction
- Reaction between an acid and a base.

The neutralization between acid and metal hydroxide
produces water and a salt
Salt an ionic compound whose cation comes from a
base and anion from an acid.
Chapter 5
35

- despite the appearance of the equation, the reaction
actually takes place between the ions.
Total Ionic Equation
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Chapter 5
36

Total Ionic Equation
H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
H2O(l) + Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Net Ionic Equation
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) H2O(l)
Chapter 5
37
Gas-Forming Reactions
Metal Carbonates and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) +
CO2(g)
- Metal carbonates (or bicarbonates) always form a salt,
water and carbon dioxide
Chapter 5
38
Metal Sulfide and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2S(s) H2S(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
- Metal sulfides form a salt and hydrogen sulfide.
Chapter 5
39
Metal Sulfite and Acid
2 HCl(aq) + Na2SO3(s) SO2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq) +
H2O(l)
- Metal sulfites form a salt, sulfur dioxide and water.
Chapter 5
40
Ammonium Salt and Strong Base
NH4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq) NH3(g) + NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
- This reaction forms ammonia, salt and water
Chapter 5
41
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Na(s) Na+(aq) + 1 eoxidation loss of electrons
2 H+(g) + 2 e- H2(g)
reduction gain of electrons
Chapter 5
42
- Reaction where electrons are exchanged.
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
- An alternate approach is to describe how one reagent
effects another.
- Reducing Agent, a substance that causes another substance
to be reduced.
Na(s) Na+(aq) + 1 e- Oxidizing Agent, a substance that causes another substnace
to be oxidized.
2 H+(g) + 2 e- H2(g)
Chapter 5
43
Oxidation Numbers
1. Each atom of a pure element has an oxidation number of
zero(0).
2. For monatomic ions, the oxidation number equals the charge
on the ion.
3. Fluorine always has an oxidation state of -1 in compounds.
4. Cl, Br, and I always have oxidation numbers of -1, except when
combined with oxygen or fluorine.
5. The oxidation number of H is +1 (exception in binary
compounds of metal-hidrogen, LiH, NaH, CaH2 -1) and O is
-2 in most compounds (exception in H2O2 and O22- -1).
6. The sum of the oxidation numbers must equal the charge on
the molecule or ion.
Chapter 5
44
Oxidation Numbers
Examples
PCl5
P 1( ) =
Cl 5( ) = ________
0
Chapter 5
45
Oxidation Numbers
Example
PCl5
P 1( ? ) =
?
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0
Chapter 5
46
Oxidation Numbers
Example
PCl5
P 1(+5) = +5
Cl 5(-1) = __-5____
0
Chapter 5
47
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1( ) =
O 3( ) = _____
-2
Chapter 5
48
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1(?) =
?
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2
Chapter 5
49
Oxidation Numbers
Example
CO32C 1(+4) = +4
O 3(-2) = __-6__
-2
Chapter 5
50
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2( ) =
O 4( ) =
Cr 1( ) = ________
0
Chapter 5
51
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2(+1) =
+2
O 4(-2) =
-8
Cr 1( ? ) = ___?____
0
Chapter 5
52
Oxidation Numbers
Example
K2CrO4
K 2(+1) =
+2
O 4(-2) =
-8
Cr 1(+6) = ___+6__
0
Chapter 5
53
Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Types
Chapter 5
54
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types
Chapter 5
55
a. Hydrogen displacement
b. Metal displacement
c. Halogen displacement
Chapter 5
56
Chapter 5
57
Chapter 5
58
Chapter 5
59
Chapter 5
60
Concentration of Solution
Molarity(M)
Unit of concentration, moles of solute per liter of

solution.
Moles of solute
Molarity
Liters of solution
Chapter 5
61
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which contains
17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
F.W. (NaCl): 58.45g/mol
17.51g
moles NaCl
58.45g / mol
Chapter 5
62
Solutions
Example: What is the molarity(M) of a solution which
contains 17.51g of NaCl in 751mL of solution?
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Chapter 5
63
Solutions
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Solution volume
1L
Liters of solution 751mL

1000mL
Chapter 5
64
Solutions
17.51g
moles NaCl
0.2996 mol
58.45g / mol
Solution volume
1L
Liters of solution 751mL
0.751L
1000mL
Chapter 5
65
Solutions
Moles of solute
Molarity
Liters of solution
Chapter 5
66
Solutions
0.2996 mol
molarity
0.751 L
Chapter 5
67
Solutions
0.2996 mol
molarity
0.751 L
0.399 M
Chapter 5
68
Solutions
Molarity
Chapter 5
69
Solutions
Chapter 5
70
Solutions
Dilution
Chapter 5
71
Solutions
Dilution
Example: What volume of 6.00M NaOH is required to
make 500mL of 0.100M NaOH?
Mconcentrated = 6.00M
Vconcentrated = ?
Mdilute = 0.100M
Vdilute = 500mL
0.100M(500mL) = 6.00M(Vconcentrated)
Vconcentrated = 8.33mL
Chapter 5
72
Chapter 5
73
pH Scale
Concentration scale for acids and bases.
pH log[ H ]
The square brackets around the H+ indicate that
the concentration of H+ is in molarity.
So, a change of 1 pH unit indicates a 10X change in
H+ concentration.
[ H ] 10 pH
Chapter 5
74
Solution Stoichiometry
- We can now use molarity to determine stoichiometric
quantities.
Example
How many grams of hydrogen gas are produced when
20.0 mL of 1.75M HCl is allowed to react with 15.0g of
sodium metal?
2 HCl(aq) + 2 Na(s) H2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Chapter 5
75
- Convert quantities to moles
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L
moles Na
15.0 g
23.0 g / mol
Chapter 5
76
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
moles Na
15.0 g
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
Chapter 5
77
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
15.0 g
moles Na
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
- Determine limiting reagent

0.0350
2
0.652
Na
HCl
Chapter 5
78
moles HCl 1.75M 0.0200 L 0.0350 mol
15.0 g
moles Na
0.652 mol
23.0 g / mol
- Determine limiting reagent

0.0350
0.0175
2
0.652
Na
0.326
2
HCl
Chapter 5
79
- Calculate moles of H2
1H2
x
2 HCl 0.0350 mol
Chapter 5
80
1H2
x
2 HCl 0.0350 mol

x 0.0175 mol H 2
Chapter 5
81
1H2
x
2 HCl 0.0350 mol

x 0.0175 mol H 2
g H 2 0.0175mol 2.02 g / mol
- Calculate grams of H2
Chapter 5
82
1H2
x
2 HCl 0.0350 mol

x 0.0175 mol H 2
g H 2 0.0175mol 2.02 g / mol 0.0353g
- Calculate grams of H2
Chapter 5
83
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5
84
Gravimetric Analysis
Chapter 5
85
Acid Base Titrations
Chapter 5
86
Chapter 5
87
Chapter 5
88
Practice Problems
4,10, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 38, 44, 60, 62, 68
Chapter 5
89

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Reactions in Aqueous

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

sugar ( s ) sugar ( aq)

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Since both reactions occur at the same time, this is

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

Compounds in Aqueous Solution

2. Predict the precipitate produced by mixing an Al(NO3)3 solution

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

H2SO4 merupakan asam kuat atau elektrolit kuat (tahap ionisasi

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids and Bases

Acids, Bases, and Salts

- Reaction between an acid and a base.

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Acids, Bases, and Salts

Oxidation-Reduction Reaction Types

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Types

Unit of concentration, moles of solute per liter of

- Determine limiting reagent

- Determine limiting reagent

2 HCl 0.0350 mol

2 HCl 0.0350 mol

2 HCl 0.0350 mol

g H 2 0.0175mol 2.02 g / mol

2 HCl 0.0350 mol

g H 2 0.0175mol 2.02 g / mol 0.0353g

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