Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A Tutorial
Vijay Nair
Departments of Statistics and
Industrial & Operations Engineering
vnn@umich.edu
Defense
Overview
Factorial Experiments
Fractional Factorial Designs
What?
Why?
How?
Aliasing, Resolution, etc.
Properties
Software
Will focus on
two-level designs
OK in screening phase
i.e., identifying
important factors
9.5
5.5
Algebra
-1 x -1 = +1
Design Matrix
7
9
9
9
8
3
8
3
9+9+3+3
7+9+8+8
6 8 = -2
Why?
What?
How?
Properties
Treatment combinations
Full Factorials
No. of combinations
How?
Heres another
Wow!
Balanced design
All factors occur and low and high levels
same number of times; Same for interactions.
Columns are orthogonal. Projections
Need a principled approach for
selecting
FFDs properties
Good statistical
Half fraction of a
design =
design
3 factors studied -- 1-half fraction
8/2 = 4 runs
Resolution
Need a principled approach for selecting
FFDsIII (later)
Confounding or Aliasing
NO FREE LUNCH!!!
X3=X1X2 ??
aliased
X5 = X2*X3*X4; X6 = X1*X2*X3*X4;
X5*X6 = X1
(can we do better?)
Design Generators
and Resolution
X5 = X1*X2*X3; X6 = X2*X3*X4 X5*X6 = X1*X4
5 = 123; 6 = 234; 56 = 14
Generators: I = 1235 = 2346 = 1456
Resolution:
So
Resolution
Resolution III: (1+2)
Main effect aliased with 2-order interactions
Resolution IV: (1+3 or 2+2)
Main effect aliased with 3-order interactions and
2-factor interactions aliased with other 2-factor
Resolution V: (1+4 or 2+3)
Main effect aliased with 4-order interactions and
2-factor interactions aliased with 3-factor interactions
fraction of
X5 = X2*X3*X4; X6 = X1*X2*X3*X4;
X5*X6 = X1
Resolution IV design
Aliasing Relationships
I = 1235 = 2346 = 1456
Main-effects:
1=235=456=2346; 2=135=346=1456; 3=125=246=1456; 4=
15-possible 2-factor interactions:
12=35
13=25
14=56
15=23=46
16=45
24=36
26=34
Properties of FFDs
Balanced designs
Factors occur equal number of times at low and high levels; interactions
sample size for main effect = of total.
sample size for 2-factor interactions = of total.
Columns are orthogonal
32 trx
combos
Factors
OE-DEPTH
DOSE
TESTIMO
NIALS
FRAMING
EE-DEPTH
SOURCE
SOURCEDEPTH
+----+-
LO
HI
Gain
HI
Team
HI
--+-++-
HI
LO
Gain
LO
Team
HI
++----+
LO
HI
Gain
HI
HMO
LO
+---+++
LO
HI
Gain
LO
Team
LO
++-++-+
LO
HI
Loss
LO
HMO
LO
--+--++
HI
LO
Gain
HI
Team
LO
+--+++-
LO
HI
Loss
LO
Team
HI
-++----
HI
LO
Gain
HI
HMO
HI
-++-+-+
HI
LO
Gain
LO
HMO
LO
-++++--
HI
LO
Loss
LO
HMO
HI
----+--
HI
HI
Gain
LO
HMO
HI
-+-+++-
HI
HI
Loss
LO
Team
HI
Source
Source-Depth
OE-Depth
Dose
Testimonials
Framing
EE-Depth
Effects
Aliases
OE-Depth*Dose
= Testimonials*Source
OEDepth*Testimonials
= Dose*Source
OE-Depth*Source
= Dose*Testimonials