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S DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
WHAT IS SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION
PRINCIPLES OF SDH
SDH DIAGRAM
SDH PRINICIPLES
The SDH defines a number of containers, each
corresponding to an existing PDH rate.
FIG
associating a
BENEFITS OF SYNCHRONOUS
NETWORK
BENEFITS OF NETWORK
SIMPLIFICATION CONT------ The more efficient drop and insert of channels offered by an
SDH network, together with its powerful network management
capabilities, will lead to greater ease in provisioning of high
bandwidth lines of news multimedia services as well as
ubiquitous access to those services.
SURVIVABILITY
SOFTWARE CONTROL
BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND
In a synchronous network it will be possible to
dynamically allocate network capability, or
bandwidth, on demand. User any where within the
network will be able to subscribe at very short
notice to any service offered over the network, some
of which may require large amount of bandwidth. An
example of this is dialup video conferencing. User
link just by dialing the appropriate number, as
opposed to the current situation where
videoconferencing link must be booked days in
advance.
BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND CONT-- Many other new services become possible in a synchronous
network. These will represent new source of revenue for
network operators, and increased convenience for users.
Some examples are high speed packet services, LAN
interconnection and HDTV
ELEMENTS OF SYNCHRONOUS
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
Multiplexers: Synchronous Multiplexers, as defined by
ITU-T SDH recommendations, perform both multiplexing
and line terminating functions, as shown in
Fig
Thus a synchronous MUX replaces a bank of PDH and
associated line terminating equipment, while at the
same time bringing new functionality.
Fig
On the tributary side, all current PDH bit rates can be
accommodated.
fig
RING CONFIGURATION
For areas of the network requiring high survivability,
synchronous multiplexers may be configured as a high
capacity self healing fiber ring. The ring structure is able to
reconfigure without the intervention of external network
management should equipment or cable occur maintaining
continuity of service
HUB CONFIGURATIONS
By using tributary interfaces, a terminal can be
configured as a fiber hub for use in multi-site network
applications, This eliminates the need for back fiber
terminals.
HUB CONFIGURATION CONT-- Not only does this provide enhanced management abilities,
but since management within the SDH is to be standardized,
additional cost benefits can be realized by network Operator
through more efficient Management System.
CROSS
CONNECT
CONT-----difference
is that a switch
operates as a
The main
temporary connection which is set up under the
control of the end user, while cross connection is a
transmission technique use to set up a semi
permanent connection under the control of the
network operator via a network manager.
X-CONNECT CONT-------
X-CONNECT CONT---
DXX CONT-- The synchronous X-Connect function, when required does not
necessarily mean the need for a separate piece of
equipment. The flexibility of SDH allows the cross connect
functionality to reside in almost any network element, the
most obvious being an add-drop MUX.
SDXC 4/4
The SDXC 4/4 is usually designed to accept input s at 140,
155 or 622 Mbits/s or higher. It can cross-connect at 155 or
140 Mbits/s. It may be used in the core of the transmission
network for network protection as an alternative to STM-16
base protection ring architecture.
SDXC 4/1
The SDXC 4/1 can usually accept combinations of
2,155 and 622 Mbits/s input. It can cross connect VC1 containers, i.e 2Mb/s channels, though in many
cases 4/1 cross connects will also be able to cross
connect VC-2s, concatenated VC-2s, VC-3, and VC-4.
These pieces of equipment may be used where
special circumstances lead to the requirement for a
point of additional flexibility in the outer core
transmission network.
SYNCHRONOUS DEPLOYMENT
Multi-vendor Connectivity
Technological Discontinuity.
Reduction in equipment.
Improved Network Resilience.
Network Management.
Single Stage Multiplexing.
Single Stage Multiplexing.
Distributed Bandwidth Management.
Software Down load
Ring Deployment.
SDH DEPLOYMENT
TECHNOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITY
Because synchronous can carry plesiochronous payload it
can be deployed in an evolutionary manner. However,
because of the changes associated with synchronous
systems it does represent something of a technological
discontinuity. Thus, in order to effectively overcome the
limitations of the PDH, network operators must plan the
introduction of the synchronous into their network with
care.
REDUCTION IN EQUIPMENT
SDH will lead to simplification of the network. The
multiplexing structure allows for greater integration of
products, along with greater control of equipment. The
network planner faces the exciting challenge of using
synchronous equipment in such a way as to unleash the full
power inherent in it.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
SDH gives the network operator the opportunity to
manage network performance effectively and make
change flexibility as required. Synchronous
equipment will have a significant proportion of its
design embedded in software instead of hardware.
Therefore, the network manager will be able to
control equipment configuration changes through
software management. What is ultimately required
is the ability for the network manager to implement
what is called IN SERVICE PROVISIONING.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT --- This is where a request for service is entered into the
DISTRIBUTED BANDWIDTH
MANAGEMENT
DISTRIBUTED BANDWIDTH
MANAGEMENT- In a sunchronoos network, the abitlity of multiplexers to
perform routing and frooning down to the VC level means
that cross connect functionality can be distributed
througout the network. This distributed bandwidth
management capability means that standalone cross
connects are only required to be deployed at points in
the network where exceptional felxibility is required.
DISTRIBUTED BANDWIDTH
MANAGEMENT - The distribution of cross conect funactinality,
RING DEPLOYMENT
Telecommunication users, particularly business isers are
RING DEPLOYMENT --- In many cases, loss of service can hace disastrous results,
RING DEPLOYMENT- Two types of ring achitecture are best suited to different
applications.
RING DEPLOYMENT- Bidirectional SPRings are best suited to site /adjacent site and
uniform traffic applications, where the capacity advantage of
SPRing is significant. This would occur in metropolitan,
junction, and trunk network applications.
IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW
SERVICES
Synchronous technology allows planners to look at
their network in terms of service demands rather
than just the provisioning of point to point facilities.
In order to succeed in an increasingly competitive
telecommunication world, service providers must
take an integrated approach in network planning in
order to achieve a network the power of which is
greater than the power of its constituents parts.
Only by doing this will the operator be able to build
a network infrastructure strong enough to ensure
support of any service to anyone, anywhere.
IMPROVED EARNING
DEPLOYMENT TRIGGERS
Changes to the network are generally made either to
grow its capacity of to mederanise it. This secton
sets out to examine why such changes to the
network might arise, and how they can be achieved.
Fig
Show a common method of terminating fiber in an
exchange, demultiplexing the traffic and managing
the routing and grooming function at the DDF.
GROWTH
MODERNIZATION
The network may need to modernized for a
number of reasons. Some of the most common
reason in response to demand for increased quality
of service, in order to cut operating costs or in
order to offer new services and hence generate
new revenus.
SDH SOLUTION-- The cross connect capability of the SDH MUX has the
added benefit of manageing the routing of thorough
traffic, thus further offloading the DDF. Over time, as the
use of SDH in this exchange grows, it amy become
appropriate to repalce the DDF with a stand alone SDXC.
This economic decision will occur as more and more
traffic moves off the copper cables and on the fiber.
SDH SOLUTION
It is important to note, however, that no deployment of SDH
equpment should take place in isolation from a total network
plan. Such a plan will ensure that any piece of equipment
deployed will improve monitoring, survivability, provisioning,
and control of the complete network.
NETWORK EVOLUTION
NETWORK
EVOLUTION--networks are
characterised by highly
Most European
interconnected mocal exchanges, which are in turn
connected to main local area exchanges for access to
higher levels of the transmission hierarchy as shown in
fig.
NETWORK EVOLUTION---
NETWORK EVOLUTION-- Assuming that two of the remotes connect eight channels of
PSTN with two 2Mbps PCs connected directly onto SDH MUX,
and the remaining three remote carry sixteen channels of
PSTN and four PCs the traffic on the ring is:
= 8 + (2x2)
= 12 channels (from each of the 2 remotes)
= 24 channels on ring---------------------------------A
= 16 + (4x2)
= 24 channels (from each of the 3 remotes)
= 72 channels on ring---------------------------------B
A+B = 96 (TOTAL NUMBER OF CHANNELS ON RING)
NETWORK EVOLUTION
Since the taotal ring capacitynis 126 channels this
NETWORK EVOLUTION
NETWORK EVOLUTION
Further links from the ring head would provide
INTERNATIONAL SERVICES
NETWORK
As demand increases for these services to be
provided on a PAN European for these services to be
provided on PAN European basis, work in taking place
on the concept of a Pan European Wideband Leased
Line Network (WBLLN). It is likely that such a
network will utilize the integration of managed
national networks based upon The SDH. Only the
SDH offers within realistic timescales. More
importantly it is only via the provision of NX2 Mbps
on an international basis that moves can be made
towards an International Broadband Communication
Network, IBCN.
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
The topic of network management is a complex one and
NM
With the emergence of the ISO OSI seven layer
reference model, as a basis for open standards, the
opportunity was seen to bring about interoperability
in the management of transmission networks. This
opportunity was not missed in the definition of the
SDH.
NM
This section will begin by describing the provions for
MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Fig 6.2 shows a simplified model of the Network
Management Hierarchy. The definition of distinct levels
may vary due to system size and the management
strategy, however the principal structure remains the
same. The following section describe the Network Control
Layer , the element managemetn level of network
management , e.g the Service Management Layer, are
not described.
NETWORK ELEMENTS
There is a degree of management which resides within the
elements themselves, and it is feasible that the element
manager for a particular management domin may physically
reside within a network element.
NETWORK ELEMENT
Basic fucntionality witin the element should include the
NETWORK ELEMENTS
The alternative is an element with a minimum functionality,
allowing management fucntins to be performed at the
Element Mangement Layer. A comparison of the benefits of
each strategy is shown in table. 6.1
FUNCTIONALITY OF NETWORK
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The classification of network management functions is
described in ISO as below. The functionality of the a
management system should include these features via the
initial systems with a provision for additional feature
packages or modules.
FUNCTIONALITY OF NETWORK
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Configuration Management
Fault Management
Performance management
Accounting Management.
FUNCTIONALITY OF NETWORK
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The resource manager is not restricted in its capabilities
to the management of SDH equipment only. Managed
objects defined in line with Open Network Standards
could extend to include the following items within its
management domain.
1- Network Element
2- Test Equipment
3- Manpower
4- Other Management Systems
FUNCTIONALITY OF NETWORK
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Such a management system would be expected not
only to manage synchronous network elements,
but also posses the ability to manage additional
equipment in the network via direct
communication or another management system.
Since many existing management systems are
propriety in nature, this infer the use of some type
of mediation device between the two systems. In
addition to the required functionality described
above , a management system would be expexted
to offer the ability to operate enhanced packeages
offering features for Traffic Analysis, Maintenance
costing,, Failure analysis etc.