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PROTECTION SECHEMES
FUSES
The basic requirements of lightning arresters are: It should behave as a perfect insulator for the
highest system voltage to ground.
It should discharge any over-voltage to ground safely.
It should restore itself as insulator after discharging the follow
voltage.
In order to facilitate this process, the earth resistance must
be very low; typically 2 ohms or lower.
Transformer
11kv feeder
J&P fuse
BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION
The Buchholz relay is a mechanical safety device
sensing the accumulation of gas in large oil-filled
transformers and will cause an alarm on slow
accumulation of gas or initiate the operation of the
transformer breaker to isolate the transformer if the
gas is produced rapidly in the transformer oil.
The relay is installed in the pipe between the
transformer main tank and the conservator.
It responds to internal arcing faults and slow
decomposition of insulating materials. It can also
detect low oil level in the transformer due to leakage.
ELECTRICAL PROTECTION
Electrical protection is used to protect power transformer from
unbalanced short circuit current and over-voltages.
When an electrical protection operates, isolation of the power
transformer is instantaneous because of the magnitude of
current and voltage involved.
STORAGE BATTERIES
A battery is an electro-chemical device that is a
source of direct current(d.c.) electricity. Some
batteries allow recharging while others do not.
The primary battery cells are designed for
discharge operation and not intended to be
recharged. A typical example is the carbon-zinc
dry cells used in flashlights and radio sets.
The secondary batteries, on the other hand are
designed for repeated discharging and recharging
or cycling without appreciable decrease in
capacity per cycle.
The secondary battery can be maintenance free
while some others require maintenance.
PRECOMMISSIONING PROCEDURES
Transformers are dispatched to various locations
either:(a) In their tanks with sufficient oil to cover the coils,
the remaining oil being dispatched separately in
sealed steel drums, or alternatively with the full
complement of oil in the tanks.
(b) In their tanks without oil, all oil being sent
separately.
Upon arrival at the site, the transformer is thoroughly
examined for possible damage which may have
occurred in transit.
Oil leakage from the tanks, cooling fins, bushings etc
should be noted and stopped immediately.
TESTS
Various test are carried out on transformers in order to
confirm the exact condition of the windings. Even new
transformers have been known to fail under test. Perhaps
due to storage, haulage & handling conditions.
INSULTION RESISTANCE TEST
This involves the use of a portable 500volts 5,000 volts
insulation resistance tester. For a transformer with voltage
rating 11/0.415kv, the H.V. winding is
tested by applying 5,000 volts at the H.V. terminal with
respect to ground. The L.V. side is tested with 1,000 volts.
All values obtained are recorded in meg-ohms. Any value
below 100 meg-ohms is regarded as bad and is usually seen
as a sign of deterioration of the insulation of the windings or
ingress of moisture in the oil/ windings.
INSULATION TEST
A 60KV or 80KV D.C insulation tester is used for this
purpose. For a transformer with voltage rating
11/0.415kv, 25kv D.C is applied on any
of the primary (H.V) winding terminals for 1 minute
and 2kv applied on the secondary (L.V) winding
terminal for 30 seconds both with respect to ground.
The leakage current is noted if possible.
Any considerable drop in the voltage applied is
indicative of a fault in the windings of the
transformer. The continuity of the windings in
the transformer is also checked.
Initial Voltage
Time
Continuity
Remarks
H.V.
25KV
1 minute
Okay
Good
L.V.
2KV
30 seconds
Okay
Good
RATIO TEST
Ratio test is used to check the transformation
ratio in the windings of the transformer.
It helps detect any abnormality in the windings.
Transformer ratio test is of 2 types :
(i.) Voltage Ratio Test;
(ii.) Turns Ratio Test.
BC
CA
ab
bc
ca
an
bn
cn
215
168
46
8.3
2.6
5.6
4.6
3.6
1.0
113
216
102
7.1
6.8
0.2
2.4
4.6
2.2
51
166
217
2.4
8.2
5.8
1.1
3.5
4.6
BC
CA
ab
bc
ca
an
bn
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388
388
388
14.4
14.4
14.4
8.2
8.2
8.2
EXCITATION TEST
In this test, a single phase a.c. supply voltage(230
Volts) is applied to the secondary terminals of the
transformer with the primary terminals open-circuited.
The voltage is applied to all the phases one after the
other with the phase voltage at the secondary
terminals measured and noted.
Note that the transformer is operated in reverse(i.e. in
step-up mode) and a dangerous high voltage will be
available at the primary terminals and therefore no
measurement can be conducted there.
An excitation test is very powerful and can indicate
that a transformer is faulty even when the insulation
resistance test, insulation test and ratio test results are
okay.
bn
cn
189
136
52
98
196
98
52
136
189
CAPACITY TEST
Capacity confirmation test is conducted on a transformer
to determine the capacity of a transformer whose rating
is not known or whose name-plate is suspicious.
At the commencement of this test, a 3-phase voltage
ratio test is conducted.
The L.V. terminals of the transformer are then shorted.
A 3-phase supply is connected to the H.V. terminals and
clamp-on ammeters used to determine the values of the
circulating currents(H.V. and L.V. sides).
It is note worthy that the circulating current in the L.V.
windings is not less than 70% of full load current. This is
a guide as to the selection of appropriate shorting links.
BC
CA
ab
bc
ca
an
bn
cn
388
388
388
14.4
14.4
14.4
8.2
8.2
8.2
L.V. Side
22.0 Amps
610 Amps
23.3 Amps
610 Amps
23.1 Amps
586 Amps
IN = 23.3 x 1100 x 4
388 x 100
= 26.42 Amps
Power, P = 3 x VN x IN
= 3 x 1100 x 26.42
= 503.35 KVA
> 500KVA
Where :
IN = Normal Current
ISC = Short Circuit Current
VN = Normal Voltage
VT = Test Voltage
Z = Transformer winding impedance.
MAINTENANCE OF TRANSFORMERS
If a transformer is to give long and trouble free
service, it should receive a reasonable amount of
attention and maintenance.
The causes of breakdown of transformers includes :
Faulty design and construction;
Incorrect installation;
Prolong overloading;
Neglect;
Wear and Tear and other deterioration;
Accidents.
Routine maintenance of transformer include:1. Inspecting the transformer for rusts and leakages
2. Removing climbers from T/F body
3. Replacing moisturized silica gel
4. Testing oil samples obtained from the top and
bottom of the transformer tank
5. Checking T/F oil level
6. Taking T/F load readings and balancing the load
7. Replacement of vandalized earth conductors.
8. Insulators and bushings cleaned periodically.
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