Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
How to implement?
Hui Zhang
Why do we names?
Challenge
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Traffic volume
Doesnt scale!
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Flat namespace
/etc/hosts
Downloaded regularly
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Scalability
Decentralized maintenance
Robustness
Global scope
Dont need
Atomicity
Strong consistency
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Functions
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DNS Records
RR format: (class, name, value, type, ttl)
FOR IN class:
Type=A
name is hostname
value is IP address
Type=CNAME
Type=NS
Type=MX
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12 bytes
Flags
No. of Questions
RRs in response
to query
Records for
authoritative
servers
Additional
helpful info that
may be used
10
Identification
root
org
edu com uk
net
gwu ucb
cmu
cs
cmcl
11
ece
bu mit
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Servers/Resolvers
Name servers
Local servers
Do lookup of distant host names for local hosts
Typically answer queries about local zone
12
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.edu
Server
CMU
Server
5
CMU CS
Server
cmcl
unnamed root
cs
edu
cmu
.com
Server
Nonlocal Lookup
Results passed up
com
Local
Server
10
someplace
Caching
Results stored in
caches along each
hop
Can shortcircuit
lookup when cached
entry present
www
208.216.181.15
kittyhawk
128.2.194.242
13
Hui Zhang
CMU CS
Server
cs
unnamed root
3
edu
Nonlocal Lookup
com
2
4
cmu
6
7
.com
Server
Local
Server
10
someplace
1
www
208.216.181.15
Caching
Helps in resolving
names xxx.cs.cmu.edu,
yy.cmu.edu, and z.edu
cmcl
kittyhawk
128.2.194.242
14
Hui Zhang
Typical Resolution
www.cs.cmu.edu
Client
15
Local
DNS server
u
u.ed
m
cs.c
.
w
ww
.edu
u
m
.c
ns1
S
N
NS ns1.cs.cm
u
Aw
ww
=IP
ad
dr
.edu
ns1.cmu.edu
DNS server
ns1.cs.cmu.edu
DNS
server
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Typical Resolution
16
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Prefetching
17
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Caching
18
Hui Zhang
Typical Resolution
www.cs.cmu.edu
Client
19
Local
DNS server
u
u.ed
m
cs.c
.
w
ww
.edu
u
m
.c
ns1
S
N
NS ns1.cs.cm
u
Aw
ww
=IP
ad
dr
.edu
ns1.cmu.edu
DNS server
ns1.cs.cmu.edu
DNS
server
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ftp.cs.cmu.edu
Client
20
Local
DNS server
ftp
.c
ftp
=
s.c
m
u.e
d
IPa
dd
r
cmu.edu
DNS server
u
cs.cmu.edu
DNS
server
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Reliability
21
Hui Zhang
Dig Program
22
;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
edu.
172800 IN
NS
172800
NS
Alledu.
.edu names handled
by setIN
of servers
L3.NSTLD.COM.
D3.NSTLD.COM.
A3.NSTLD.COM.
E3.NSTLD.COM.
C3.NSTLD.COM.
F3.NSTLD.COM.
G3.NSTLD.COM.
B3.NSTLD.COM.
M3.NSTLD.COM.
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23
NS
NS
NS
CUCUMBER.SRV.cs.cmu.edu.
T-NS1.NET.cmu.edu.
T-NS2.NET.cmu.edu.
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IN
IN
IN
IN
NS
NS
NS
NS
MANGO.SRV.cs.cmu.edu.
PEACH.SRV.cs.cmu.edu.
BANANA.SRV.cs.cmu.edu.
BLUEBERRY.SRV.cs.cmu.edu.
24
SOA
QUASAR.FAC.cs.cmu.edu.
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Reverse DNS
unnamed root
Task
edu
arpa
in-addr
cmu
Method
128
2
cs
cmcl
194
242
25
Managing
kittyhawk
128.2.194.242
Hui Zhang
chia.arin.net
(dill, henna, indigo, epazote, figwort, ginseng)
128
cucumber.srv.cs.cmu.edu,
t-ns1.net.cmu.edu
t-ns2.net.cmu.edu
194
mango.srv.cs.cmu.edu
(peach, banana, blueberry)
kittyhawk
128.2.194.242
26
a.root-servers.net m.root-servers.net
Key Concepts
27
Name vs address
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DNS (Summary)
28
Scalability
Independent update
Robustness
Zones
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Identification
29
Flags
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