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Chapter

Fisiologi Tulang

Chapter
7

2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Tujuan Pembelajaran
1. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan fungsi sistem skeletal
2. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan mekanisme ossifikasi
3. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pertumbuhan tulang dan perbedaan
yang terjadi antara tulang bayi dan anak hingga dewasa
4. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan mekanisme remodeling dan
homeostasis tulang
5. Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengaruh gizi, hormon, dan olahraga
terhadap perkembangan tulang

Functions of the skeletal system

Support
Storage of minerals and lipids
Blood cell production
Protection
Leverage

Cells in bone:
Osteocytes = mature bone cells
In lacunae
Connected by canaliculi

Osteoblasts synthesize new matrix


Osteogenesis

Osteoclasts dissolve bone matrix


Osteolysis

Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts

Figure 6.3 The Histology of Compact Bone

Figure 6.3a

Figure 6.4 The Structure of Osseus Tissue

Figure 6.4

Bones and stress

Compact bone located where stresses are limited in


direction
Spongy bone located where stresses are weaker or
multi-directional

Figure 6.5 The Distribution of Forces on a


Long Bone
Greater trochanter

Head
Trabeculae of
spongy bone
Compact bone
Lines of stress
Shaft (diaphysis)

Figure 6.5

Bones are:
Covered by periosteum
Lined by endosteum
cellular
Matrix
Organic
UnOrganic

rickets soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts


osteogenesis imperfecta or brittle bone disease excessively
brittle
bones due to lack of protein, collagen

Bone development and growth

Ossification = converting other tissue to bone


Calcification = depositing calcium salts within
tissues

Intramembranous ossification

Begins with osteoblast differentiation


Dermal bones produced
Begins at ossification center

Intramembranous Ossification
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Mesenchymal cell

Osteocyte
Osteoblasts
Trabecula

Sheet of condensing
mesenchyme

Calcified bone
Osteoid tissue

Blood capillary

Fibrous periosteum
2 Deposition of osteoid tissue by osteoblasts
on mesenchymal surface; entrapment of first
osteocytes; formation of periosteum

1 Condensation of mesenchyme into soft sheet


permeated with blood capillaries

Osteoblasts

Fibrous periosteum

Trabeculae

Osteoblasts

Osteocytes

Spongy bone

Marrow cavity
Compact bone

3 Honeycomb of bony trabeculae formed by


continued mineral deposition; creation of
spongy bone

7-12

Figure 7.8

4 Surface bone filled in by bone deposition,


converting spongy bone to compact bone.
Persistence of spongy bone in the middle layer.

produces flat bones of skull and clavicle

Figure 6.7 Intramembranous Ossification

Figure 6.7

Endochondral ossification

Cartilage model gradually replaced by bone at


metaphysis
Increasing bone length

Timing of epiphyseal closure differs


Appositional growth increases bone diameter

Figure 6.8 Endochondral Ossification

Figure 6.8a

Figure 6.8 Endochondral Ossification

Figure 6.8b

Figure 6.9 Bone Growth at an Epiphyseal


Cartilage

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10 Appositional Bone Growth

Figure 6.10a

Figure 6.11 The Blood Supply to a Mature


Bone

Figure 6.11

Fetal Skeleton at 12 Weeks


Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Cranial
bones

Mandible
Vertebrae

Humerus
Radius
Ulna

Scapula
Ribs

Femur
7-20

Pelvis
Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Figure 7.11

Continually changing

Remodeling
Exercise
Hormone levels
Growth hormone and thyroxine increase bone mass
Calcitonin and PTH control blood calcium levels

Figure 6.12 A Chemical Analysis of Bone

Figure 6.12

The skeleton is a calcium reserve

99% bodys calcium in the skeleton


Calcium ion concentration maintained by bones GI
tract and kidneys
Calcitonin and PTH regulate blood calcium levels
Calcitonin decreases blood calcium levels
PTH increases blood calcium levels

Figure 6.14 Factors that Alter the


Concentration of Calcium Ions in Body Fluids

Figure 6.14a

Carpopedal Spasm
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Figure 7.15
hypocalcemia demonstrated by muscle spasm of hands and feet

7-25

Figure 6.14 Factors that Alter the


Concentration of Calcium Ions in Body Fluids

Figure 6.14b

Fracture repair

Fracture hematoma
External callus
Internal callus

Healing of Fractures
uncomplicated fractures normally 8 - 12 weeks
longer in elderly

stages of healing bone fractures


fracture hematoma and granulation tissue
bleeding of a broken bone forms a clot fracture hematoma
blood capillaries, fibroblasts, macrophages, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells invade
clot
granulation tissue soft fibrous mass produced by capillary and cellular invasion after
about 48 hours after injury

soft callus formation


formed by fibroblasts and chondroblasts depositing collagen and fibrocartilage into
granulation tissue

Healing of Fractures
conversion to hard callus
osteoblasts produce a bony collar in 6 weeks called a hard callus
hard callus is cemented to dead bone around the injury site and acts as a temporary
splint to join broken ends together
4 - 6 weeks for hard callus to form and immobilization is necessary

remodeling
hard callus persists for 3 4 months
osteoclasts dissolve fragments of broken bone
osteoblasts deposit spongy bone to bridge to gap between the broken ends,
transformed gradually into compact bone that is thicker in fracture area

Figure 6.15 Steps in the Repair of a Fracture

Figure 6.15

Bone markings

Are characteristic for each bone and each


individual
Markings include

Elevations
Projections
Depressions
Grooves and tunnels

Effects of aging include

Osteopenia
Osteoporosis

Figure 6.13 The Effects of Osteoporosis

Figure 6.13

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