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Ch6
Continuous-Time Signal Analysis
Engineering and Physics
University of Central Oklahoma
Dr. Mohamed Bingabr
Outline
Introduction
Fourier Series (FS) representation of
Periodic Signals.
Trigonometric and Exponential Form of FS.
Gibbs Phenomenon.
Parsevals Theorem.
Simplifications Through Signal Symmetry.
LTIC System Response to Periodic Inputs.
x(t-0.0025)= Asin(250[t-0.0025])
= Asin(250t-0.25)= Asin(250t-45o)
A
t
td = 2.5 msec
Trigonometric Form
It is simply a linear combination of sines and
cosines at multiples of its fundamental frequency,
f0=1/T.
n 1
n 1
x t a0 an cos 2f 0 nt bn sin 2f 0 nt
a0 counts for any dc offset in x(t).
a0, an, and bn are called the trigonometric Fourier
Series Coefficients.
The nth harmonic frequency is nf0.
Trigonometric Form
How to evaluate the Fourier Series Coefficients
(FSC) of x(t)?
n 1
n 1
1
a0 x t dt
T0 T0
Trigonometric Form
n 1
n 1
2
an x t cos 2nf 0t dt
T0 T0
To find bn multiply both side by sin(2mf0t) and then integrate
over a full period, m =1,2,,n,
2
bn x t sin 2nf 0t dt
T0 T0
Example
f(t)
n 1
e-t/2
1
a0
Fundamental period
T0 =
Fundamental
frequency
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/ Hz
t
2
e dt
1 0.504
2 2t
2
1 16n
0 = 2/T0 = 2 rad/s
2 2t
8n
1 16n
an and bn decrease in amplitude as n .
Dirichlet Conditions
x(t ) dt
T0
x t
C0
dc component
Cn cos 2nf 0t n
n 1
nth harmonic
C 0 a0
Cn , and n are related to the trigonometric coefficients an
and bn as:
2
Cn an bn
and
bn
n tan
an
1
x t C0 Cn cos 2nf 0t n
n 1
x t C0 Cn cos 2nf 0t n
n 1
Compact Trigonometric
f t C0 Cn cos 2nt n
f(t)
n 1
a0 0.504
e-t/2
2
2
1 16n
8n
bn 0.504
2
1 16n
C0 ao 0.504
an 0.504
Fundamental period
T0 =
Fundamental frequency
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/ Hz
Cn a b 0.504
2
1 16n
1 bn
tan 1 4n
n tan
an
2
n
0 = 2/T0 = 2 rad/s
n 1
1 16n
f t 0.504 0.504
2
n
Line Spectra
f(t)
Cn 0.504
C0 0.504
1
e-t/2
1 16n 2
n tan 1 4n
f t 0.504 0.504
n 1
2
1 16n 2
0.504
0.244
0.125
0.084
0.063
10
-/2
Line Spectra
n 1
1 16n
f t 0.504 0.504
0.504
0.244
0.125
0.084
0.063
10
-/2
Exponential Form
x(t) can be expressed as
x t
D e
j 2f 0 nt
j 2f 0 nt
1
Dn
To
j 2f 0 nt
x
t
e
dt , n 0, 1, 2,....
To
|Dn|=|D-n|
Even
Dn = -
D-n
Odd
Dn =
Cn
Example
Find the exponential Fourier Series for the squarepulse periodic signal.
f(t)
/2
1
1
jnt
Dn
e
dt
2 / 2
sin n / 2
0.5sinc(n / 2)
n
1
D0
2
n even
0
Dn
1 / n n odd
0
n
Fundamental period
T0 =
Fundamental frequency
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/ Hz
0 = 2/T0 = 1 rad/s
Dn
Example
The compact trigonometric Fourier Series
coefficients for the square-pulse periodic signal.
f(t)
1
C0
2
0 n even
Cn 2
n odd
n
0 for all n 3,7,11,15,
n
n 3,7,11,15,
Dn 0.5 an jbn
D n D
0.5 an jbn
Dn 0.5Cn n 0.5Cn e
D0 a0 C0
j n
an Dn D n 2 Re Dn
bk j Dn D n 2 Im Dn
an Cn cos n
bn Cn sin n
a0 D0 c0
Cn an bn
bn
n tan
an
1
Cn 2 Dn
n Dn
C0 a0 D0
Example
Find the exponential Fourier Series and sketch the
corresponding spectra for the impulse train shown
below. From this result sketch the trigonometric
spectrum and write the trigonometric Fourier Series.
T0 (t )
Solution
Dn 1 / T0
1
T0 (t )
T0
jn0 t
e
-2T0 -T0
Cn 2 | Dn | 2 / T0
C0 | D0 | 1 / T0
1
T0 (t )
T0
n 1
1 2 cos(n0t )
T0
2T0
1
2
( n 1) / 2
x(t ) cos nt (1)
1
2 n 1 n
2
n odd
Gibbs Phenomenon
Given an odd positive integer N, define the
N-th partial sum of the previous series
1
2
( n 1) / 2
x N (t ) cos nt (1)
1
2 n 1 n
2
n odd
lim | xN (t ) x(t ) | 0
x9 (t )
x45 (t )
overshoot:
overshoot about 9 % of the signal magnitude
(present even if N )
Parsevals Theorem
Let x(t) be a periodic signal with period T
The average power P of the signal is defined as
1
P
T
T /2
T / 2
x(t ) dt
x t C0 Cn cos(n0t n )
n 1
it is also
P C0 0.5Cn
2
n 1
P D 2 Dn
2
0
n 1
j 0 t
H(s)
H(j)
H ( j 0 ) e j 0 t
x(t )
jn0t
D
e
n
x(t )
jn0t
D
e
n
H(s)
H(j)
y (t )
D H ( jn )e
jn0t
sint
Full-wave
rectifier
x(t)
C=1/5 F
y(t)
Dn
(1 4n 2 )
2
j 2 nt
x(t )
e
2
(
1
4
n
)
n
1
H ( j )
3 j 1
y (t )
D H ( jn )e
jn0 t
D0 2 /
PDC 4 / 2
Pripple 2 | Dn |2
n 1
Dn
Pripple
(1 4n ) 36n 1
0.0025
2
2
j 2 nt
y (t )
e
2
Ripple rms is only 5%
(
1
4
n
)( j 6n 1)
n
of the input amplitude
yf = 2/pi + sum(y);
2
j 2 nt
y
(
t
)
e
plot(t,yf, t, (2/pi)*ones(1,length(yf)))
2
(
1
4
n
)( j 6n 1)
n
Pripple 2 | Dn |2 0.0025
Power=0;
for n=1:50
Power(n) = abs(2/(pi*(1-4*n^2)*(j*6*n+1)));
end
TotalPower = 2*sum((Power.^2));
figure; stem( Power(1,1:20));
n 1