Referencing

Getting used to clickers:

What does the cohort look like?
What is referencing?
Why do we reference?
Examples of using the Harvard (APA) Method
Plagiarism
Key Notes

Are you?
1.
2.

Male
Female

How old are you?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Younger than 20
years.
20-21 years old.
22-23 years old.
24-25 years old.
26-30 years old.
30-40 years old.
Older than 40
years.

Which subject did you study for your previous

degree?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Business.
Economics.
Finance and/or
Accounting.
Engineering.
Maths (or related
subjects)
Natural Sciences.
Literature or Languages.
Sociology or Politics.
Other subject.

Where do you come from?

Where do you come from?

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

USA or Canada.
South/Central
America.
Middle East
Northern Africa.
Southern Africa.
Western Europe.
Central or Eastern
Europe.
South East Asia.
Asia (exc. SEA)
Australia/New
Zealand.

What is Referencing?

Whenever you use work somebody else has written or

compiled, you need to identify clearly, the author(s) of
this work or database.
o References in the text
o Source underneath tables, graphs and figures
o Bibliography at the end of the text

References need to
o identify clearly which information, ideas or facts you have
adopted from another author.
o enable the reader to locate the source from which the
information has been taken.
o indicate clearly whether you use the authors actual words
or whether you summarise or synthesise his or her ideas,
i.e. whether you use direct or indirect quotes.

During your previous degree, did you receive

guidance on referencing?
1.
2.
3.

4.

We were given detailed

advice on referencing.
We were given some
advice on referencing.
We were told that
referencing is important
but we werent given
explicit advice on how to
reference.
Referencing was not really
discussed.

How much do you think you know about

referencing?
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

I am very confident that I

can reference correctly.
I think my referencing is
mostly ok.
I think my referencing is
probably not always
correct.
I think my referencing is
rather poor.
I havent done any
referencing before.

What is Referencing?

Only use approved referencing techniques

o You need to follow referencing conventions for your (direct
and indirect) quotes, graphs, tables and all other sources of
information consistently
o You need to supply all relevant data to identify the sources in
the correct sequence and list the sources in alphabetical order
(by surname) in the bibliography.

The Business School recommends that you use the Harvard

Method of referencing (also called Cambridge, Author,
Date or APA Method)
o Leaves footnotes for additional information
o Less messy (if you move text using footnote methods of
referencing you need to change referencing links in the text)
o More economical use of word count

What style of referencing have you used

previously?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Harvard method (Author,

Date; APA).
Oxford method (footnotes
and list of references).
Legal method (footnotes
only).
Endnote method.
Some other established
method.
I used a mix and match
approach.
I havent done any
referencing before.

What is Referencing?

Reference

Indirect

1 quote

When there are 3 or

more authors you
can also use et al.
- e.g. (Filatotchew et
al., 2000).

Direct

2 quote

Direct Quotations

As a general rule in the University, if you copy four or

more consecutive words from a source, you should
identify this as a direct quote.
If the quote is not much longer than a line it may be
included in the body of the text in quotation marks.
Longer quotations are indented and single-spaced.
For citations of particular parts of the document the
page numbers etc. should be given after the year in
parentheses.

Indirect Quotations

Indirect quotations are e.g. summaries or paraphrases.

Give the citation where it occurs naturally or at the end
of the relevant piece of writing. Note that the reader
must be able to identify which information has been
taken from a source.
o It is NOT acceptable to simply identify which sources
were used to write a chapter or assignment!
If the text relates to a specific part of the source, page
numbers should be given.

Secondary Quotations:

If you would like to quote something another author has

quoted in his or her work, you need to indicate this clearly:
What does it mean to say that the corporate executive
has a social responsibility in his capacity as businessman? If this statement is not pure rhetoric, it must mean
that he has to act in some way that is not in the interests
of his employers
(Friedman 1970: 33, quoted in Mintzberg 1983: 6).

If you have not read the primary source (i.e. Friedman

1970) yourself, never pretend that you did!
Only the secondary source (i.e. Mintzberg 1983)
should be listed in the bibliography.
This also applies to indirect quotes!

How do you reference the following quote by

Strtling, Wijbenga and Dietz (2010: 1)? Venture

capitalists (VCs) increasingly rely on elaborate formal contracts

and incentivization through share ownership to manage their
relationships with the entrepreneurial firms in which they invest.
A. According to Strtling et al. (2010:1) Venture capitalists (VCs)
increasingly rely on elaborate formal contracts and incentivization through share ownership to manage their relationships
with the entrepreneurial firms in which they invest.
B. Increasingly, venture capitalists manage their relationships with
entrepreneurial firms via detailed formal contracts and by
forcing managers to invest in the firms shares.
C. Strtling et al. (2010:1) argue that venture capitalists more
and more often manage their relationships with entrepreneurial
firms via detailed formal contracts and by forcing managers to
invest in the firms shares.

The correct way to reference the quote by

Strtling, Wijbenga and Dietz (2010: 1) is to use
option
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

A only
B only
C only
A and B
A and C
B and C
A, B and C

What is Referencing?

Reference of original tables and graphs

What is Referencing?

Reference of self-constructed tables and graphs

Identification of tables, Graphs and

Figures

Graphs, diagrams and tables which have been taken

from other sources should be referenced as though they
were a quotation.
If graphs, diagrams and tables have been developed
based on information from other sources, the reference
should indicate this.
You should write a short note below the graph, diagram
or table stating e.g.
- Source: Datastream data 1998-2002
- Diagram adapted from Jensen and Meckling 1976: 56

What is Referencing?

List of References at the end

Which of the following statements are correct?

1.
2.

3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A reference list must only include

those sources I have used.
A reference list should include all
sources I have read as well as those I
have actually used.
A reference list can also include other
sources which I have read about in
other peoples papers.
A reference list only needs to include
published articles or books (e.g. not
web-articles or lecture notes).
1+3
2+3
1+4
2+4
3+4
2+3+4

Why Do We Reference ?

Academic Integrity

Justification, e.g.
o Add validity to an argument
o Insurance in case the source we use
misrepresents an issue or data is inaccurate

University Regulations
Plagiarism is a disciplinary offence

Do you know what Plagiarism means?

1.
2.

3.

Yes, I know exactly what

plagiarism means.
I have heard the term
plagiarism before, but I
am not sure what it
means.
I have never heard the
term.

Plagiarism

The University views plagiarism as any copying without

clear identification of the source.
It might be an attempt to pass off whole sections from a
book or article or another student's essay or dissertation
as if these were one's own work, or it might be an
attempt to construct an essay or dissertation by linking
together various paragraphs and/or sentences from the
written work of several different people (so-called
'scissors and paste').
It might consist of word-by-word ('verbatim') copying out
of passages and sentences, or it might consist of
passages or sentences largely copied out but with a few
words or phrases changed.
It might also be that the whole of a student's essay or
dissertation has been copied or plagiarised, or that only
parts of it are taken from the work of another.

At your previous University, what were the

penalties for plagiarism (choose the highest)?
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.

I dont think there were any

penalties.
Students were given a verbal
or written warning.
Plagiarism could lead to a
loss of marks.
If a student was caught
plagiarising, the assessment
would be marked 0.
If a student was caught
plagiarising, they could fail
the degree.
Students could be expelled
for plagiarism.

Penalties for Plagiarism

Plagiarism as an intentional attempt to deceive:

Exclusion from the University (no degree, no references)

Plagiarism due to lack of attention (failure to

reference by accident rather than design, only affecting a
small part of the work):
o Work will be remarked without taking any text which has
been plagiarised into account or a mark of 0 is awarded.
Even in the first case, given the inevitable holes in the
text, this usually leads to failure.
o This is likely to affect the PERSONAL REFERENCES members
of staff write for you (for jobs or further education) as this
reflects poorly on your ability to follow instructions, your
diligence and integrity.

No plagiarism: Apology & Work will be marked as usual.

At your previous University, do you think staff

actively checked for plagiarism?
1.
2.
3.

4.

Yes, staff used a software

to identify plagiarism.
Yes, although staff did not
use a plagiarism software.
No, I think if staff found
plagiarism, it was by
accident.
No, I think staff did not
care about plagiarism.

Which of the following statements is correct?

1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

It is ok for me to ask another

student to see his/her
assign-ment to get some
ideas on what to write.
It is ok for me to give another student my assignment
to help him/her get started.
1, but only if the student is
from another University.
2, but only if the student is
from another University.
1 and 2
3 and 4
None of the above.

Note!

Always provide the necessary reference data for direct, indirect

& secondary quotes as well as for all graphs and tables refer
to the guide on referencing posted on DUO
Always provide the necessary bibliographical data (in the correct
sequence) for all of your sources refer to the guide on
referencing posted on DUO
Make sure you read the relevant notes on plagiarism in your
programme handbook.
If you are unwell (e.g. ill or suffering from personal problems)
you should ask the programme office and your college for
guidance on how to account for Serious Adverse Circumstances
(e.g. by applying for extensions, retaking exams, etc.)
o Serious Adverse Circumstances are no justification for
plagiarism!
o Students who help others cheat can also be expelled!

Note!

Please also remember that University rules stipulate that

you are not permitted to use the same work more than
once in order gain an academic award.
You are not permitted to use substantial parts e.g. of a
summative assignment in one module for a summative
assignment in another module or for your dissertation.
You can still draw on knowledge or data you have gained
previously, however, it means that you must not copy and
paste or just slightly paraphrase parts of a summative
assignment.

This offence is known as multiple-submission and is

deemed a disciplinary offence (i.e. you can get expelled
for it).

Note!

Consider the relevance and validity of sources of information:

o Start your research by using academic databases (e.g.
EBSCO, Ingenta, Science Direct etc.).
o Remember that articles on private web-sites, even if they are
academic working papers or conference manuscripts, usually
have not gone through a rigorous review.
Consider e.g. that Wikipedia says about itself that it is a
"free encyclopaedia that anyone can edit". This means
that the information contained is not proof-read or peer
reviewed + the founder of Wikipedia says that not even
school-children should use it for homework.

Use the literature to demonstrate your understanding:

o Do not use many or lengthy direct quotes. This just shows
only that you can identify an interesting argument presented
by somebody else, not your understanding of the argument.

Note!

Use the literature to demonstrate your understanding (cont.):

o Do not be driven by the article, i.e. do not just describe and
summarise the findings of one article after the other. This
merely shows that you understand the main gist of the
paper but provides no evidence that you can apply the
information critically on your own.
o Read a number of articles and identify the relevant
arguments raised in them which relate to the topic you are
researching.
Consider whether different authors take similar or different
viewpoints on certain arguments and why this might be.
Demonstrate a critical understanding by contrasting different
views and evaluating the strength of arguments.
Identify the validity of the argument (including e.g. is it
raised by few or many researchers, credibility of authors)
Take account of potential methodological problems, sample,
timing etc. of the research