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etism
Ferromagnetism
The atomic moments in these materials exhibit very
strong interactions, resulting in a parallel or
antiparallel alignment of atomic moments.
Exchange forces are very large, equivalent to a field
on the order of 1000 Tesla, or approximately a 100
million times the strength of the earth's field.
The exchange force is a quantum mechanical
phenomenon due to the relative orientation of the
spins of two electron.
Ferromagnetism
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit parallel
alignment of moments resulting in large
net magnetization even in the absence of a
magnetic field.
The elements Fe, Ni, and Co and many of
their alloys are typical ferromagnetic
materials.
Two
distinct
characteristics
of
ferromagnetic materials are their (1)
spontaneous magnetization and the
existence of (2) magnetic ordering
temperature
Ferromagnetism
Origin of Ferromagnetism
Hunds rule
Fe: [Ar]3d64s2
Ferromagnetism
Weiss' Assumption
Molecular field is acting in FM not only above Tc
but also below Tc and this field is so strong that it
could magnetize the substance to saturation even in
the absence of an applied field. spontaneously
magnetized (Self-saturating)
Magnetic domain : In demagnetized state, a
ferromagnetic material is divided into a number of
small regions called domains, each of which is
spontaneously magnetized.
Magnetization process
Spontaneous magnetization?
Division into domains?
Magnetic Domain
Ms
(a)
Ms
(b)
Ms
(c)
(a) A single-domain sample with a large stray field. (b) A sample split into two domains in
order to reduce the magnetostatic energy. (c) A sample divided into four domains. The
closure domains at the ends of the sample make the magnetostatic energy zero.
Magnetic Domain
Barkhausen
effect
Magnetic Order
Are
ferromagnets
already in an ordered
state
before
magnetic
field
a
is
were in permanent
Magnetic Domain
In order to minimize its magnetostatic energy, the
magnetic material divides up into magnetic domains.
Weiss (1907): concept of magnetic domains. A
magnetic material consisted of a number of distinct
regions termed domains each of which was saturated in
a different direction.
The concept of domains is able to explain why
ferromagnetic materials can be demagnetized even
below their Curie temperature.
Curie-Weiss Law
Curie's law: Individual carrier of magnetic moment (atoms or
molecules) do not interact with one another
Curie-Weiss law:
Under the consideration of interaction between electrons
Fictitious internal field Hm (molecular field) for interaction
H m M
Ht H Hm
M
n 2
C
H 3kT T
M
C
( H M ) T
M
C
C
H T C T
CH
M
T C
C
H m M
For > 0,
H tot H a H m H aM
Hm || M
Curie Temperature
Curie Temperature
Even though electronic exchange forces in ferromagnets
are very large, thermal energy eventually overcomes
the exchange and produces a randomizing effect.
This occurs at a particular temperature called the Curie
temperature (TC).
Below the Curie temperature, the ferromagnet is
ordered and above it, disordered.
The saturation magnetization goes to zero at the Curie
temperature.
Curie temperature
Exchange Energy
Exchange force depends on relative orientation of spins of two
electrons due to Pauli's exclusion principle
When two atoms, such as hydrogen atoms, are coming
together, there are electrostatic attractive (e-p+) and
repulsive (e-e-, p+p+) forces and exchange force.
The internal field is produced by interactions between nearestneighbor dipole moments.
The interaction arises from the electrostatic electron-electron
interaction, and is called the exchange interaction or
exchange force.
Eex 2 J ex S i S j 2 J ex Si S j cos
SiSj: spin angular momentum
Je : a numerical quantity called exchange integral
Bethe-Slater curve
ra/r3d
Band Theory
When N atoms come together
to form a solid, each level of
the free atom must split into N
levels.
Density of states
AntiFerromagn
etism
Anti-ferromagnetism
If the A and B sublattice moments are exactly equal
but opposite, the net moment is zero. This type of
magnetic ordering is called antiferromagnetism.
The clue to antiferromagnetism is the behavior of
susceptibility above a critical temperature, called the
Nel temperature (TN).
Above TN, the susceptibility obeys the Curie-Weiss
law for paramagnets but with a negative intercept
indicating negative exchange interactions.
Anti-ferromagnetism
Electrical Insulator
(no free electron)
Molecular field theory
Anti-ferromagnetism
TN : Nel temperature
T < TN : AF state
T > TN : paramagnetic
C
T ( )
Anti-ferromagnetism
Ferrimagn
etism
Ferrimagnetism
In ferrimagnets, the magnetic moments of the A and
B sublattices are not equal and result in a net
magnetic moment.
Ferrimagnetism
is
therefore
similar
to
ferromagnetism. It exhibits all the hallmarks of
ferromagnetic behavior- spontaneous magnetization,
Curie temperatures, hysteresis, and remanence.
However, ferro- and ferrimagnets have very different
magnetic ordering.
Ferrimagnetism
Two groups of ferrites depending on their structure
1. Cubic :
General formula : MOFe2O3 where M is a divalent
Hexagonal Ferrites
MO6Fe2O3(= BaFe12O19) where M = Ba, Sr
Calculated saturation magnetization
= 20B/molecule (experimental)
Other oxides
BaO2MO8Fe2O3
2(BaO2MO3Fe2O3)
3BaO2MO12Fe2O3)
Other Ferrites
-Fe2O3 : tetragonal
(calculated net moment/molecule = 2.5B
2.39B experimental)
Garnets : 3M2O3 5Fe2O3 (M = Y or RE)
Alloys : Mn2Sb, Mn3Ga, Mn3Ge2, Mn3In, FeGe2, FeSe,
Cr3As2, CrPt3,
RECo5 (RE: Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Eu, or Tm)
Crystal structure
Magnetite Fe3O4
Magnetite (Fe3O4) has a very high Curie temperature (850 C), but
shows complex magnetic behavior. For this reason it seems to be a
promising candidate for a high spin polarization degree near
100% even at room temperature.
Magnetite Fe3O4
Spontaneous magnetizations
Kinds of Magnetism
Diamagnetism
Paramagnetism
Non-cooperative
(statistical) behavior
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
Cooperative behavior