Object Orientation

Basic Principles of Object Orientation
Object Orientation
Encapsulation
Abstraction
Modularity
Hierarchy
OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2
Copyright  1998-1999 Rational Software, all rights reserved 1
What is Encapsulation?
 Hide implementation from clients
 Clients depend on interface
Improves Resiliency
What is Modularity?
 The breaking up of something complex into
manageable pieces
Order
Entry
Order Processing
System Order
Fulfillment
Billing
Manages Complexity
What is Hierarchy?
 Levels of abstraction Asset
Increasing
abstraction
BankAccount Security RealEstate
Savings Checking Stock Bond
Decreasing Elements at the same level of the hierarchy

abstraction should be at the same level of abstraction
What is an Object?
 Informally, an object represents an entity,
either physical, conceptual, or software
 Physical entity
Truck
 Conceptual entity
Chemical Process
 Software entity Linked List

A More Formal Definition
 An object is a concept, abstraction, or thing
with sharp boundaries and meaning for an
application
 An object is something that has:
 State
 Behavior
 Identity

Representing Objects
 An object is represented as rectangles with
underlined names
: Professor
a + b = 10
ProfessorClark
Class Name Only
Professor Clark
ProfessorClark :
Professor Object Name Only
Class and Object Name (stay tuned for classes)

What is a Class?
 A class is a description of a group of
objects with common properties (attributes),
behavior (operations), relationships, and
semantics
 An object is an instance of a class
 A class is an abstraction in that it:
 Emphasizes relevant characteristics
 Suppresses other characteristics
OO Principle: Abstraction
Sample Class
Class
Course
Properties Behavior
Name Add a student
Location Delete a student
a + b = 10
Days offered Get course roster
Credit hours Determine if it is full
Start time
End time

The Relationship Between Classes
and Objects
 A class is an abstract definition of an object
 It defines the structure and behavior of each
object in the class
 It serves as a template for creating objects
 Objects are grouped into classes
Objects Class
Professor
Professor Smith Professor Mellon
Professor Jones
What is Polymorphism?
 The ability to hide many different
implementations behind a single interface
Manufacturer B
Manufacturer A Manufacturer C
OO Principle:
Encapsulation

What is an Interface?
 Interfaces formalize polymorphism
 Interfaces support “plug-and-play”
architectures
Tube
<<interface>>
Shape
Pyramid
Draw
Move
Scale
Rotate Cube
Realization relationship (stay tuned for realization

relationships)
What is a Component?
 A non-trivial, nearly independent, and
replaceable part of a system that fulfills a
clear function in the context of a well-
defined architecture
 A component may be
 A source code component OO Principle:
 A run time components or Encapsulation
 An executable component
Source File <<EXE>> <<DLL>>

Name Executable Component
Name Component Name
Interface
What is a Package?
 A package is a general purpose
mechanism for organizing elements into
groups
 A model element which can contain other
model elements
OO Principle:
Package Name Modularity
 Uses
 Organize the model under development
 A unit of configuration management

What is a Subsystem?
 A combination of a package (can contain
other model elements) and a class (has
behavior)
 Realizes one or more interfaces which
define its behavior
Realization
Subsystem
<<subsystem>>
Interface Subsystem Name
Interface
OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

(stay tuned for realization relationship)
Subsystems and Components
 Components are the physical realization of
an abstraction in the design
 Subsystems can be used to represent the
component in the design
Design Model Implementation Model
<<subsystem>> Component
Component Name Name
Component Component
Interface Interface
OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

Example: Single Inheritance
 One class inherits from another
Ancestor
Account
balance
name
Superclass number
(parent) Withdraw()
CreateStatement()
Generalization
Relationship
Checking Savings
Subclasses Withdraw() GetInterest()

Withdraw()
Descendents
Example: Multiple Inheritance
 A class can inherit from several other
classes
FlyingThing Animal
multiple
inheritance
Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse
Use multiple inheritance only when needed, and

always with caution !
What Gets Inherited?
 A subclass inherits its parent’s attributes,
operations, and relationships
 A subclass may:
 Add additional attributes, operations,
relationships
 Redefine inherited operations (use caution!)
 Common attributes, operations, and/or
relationships are shown at the highest
applicable level in the hierarchy
Inheritance leverages the similarities among classes
Strengths of Object Orientation
 A single paradigm
 Facilitates architectural and code reuse
 Models more closely reflect the real world
 More accurately describe corporate data and
processes
 Decomposed based on natural partitioning
 Easier to understand and maintain
 Stability
 A small change in requirements does not mean
massive changes in the system under
development
A Simple Sales Order Example
Order
Product
Ship via

Class Diagram for the Sales Example
Sale
seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Salesperson Customer Product Vehicle
Corporate Individual Truck Train

Effect of Requirements Change
Suppose you need a
new type of shipping
vehicle ... Sale
seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Salesperson Customer Product Vehicle
Corporate Individual Truck Train Airplane
Change involves adding a new subclass


Object Orientation

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Basic Principles of Object Orientation

BankAccount Security RealEstate

Savings Checking Stock Bond

Decreasing Elements at the same level of the hierarchy

 Software entity Linked List

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

Class and Object Name (stay tuned for classes)

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

Professor Smith Professor Mellon

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

Realization relationship (stay tuned for realization

Source File <<EXE>> <<DLL>>

 A unit of configuration management

OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

OO Principles: Encapsulation and Modularity

Subclasses Withdraw() GetInterest()

Airplane Helicopter Bird Wolf Horse

Use multiple inheritance only when needed, and

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Corporate Individual Truck Train

OOAD Using the UML - Introduction to Object Orientation, v 4.2

seller buyer item sold shipping mechanism

Corporate Individual Truck Train Airplane

Change involves adding a new subclass

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