What is Law

A rule of conduct established and

enforced by the authority, legislation,
or custom of a given community,
State, or nation.
Rules established by a governing
authority to institute and maintain
orderly coexistence

Division of Law

Law is generally divided into four

principle classes, namely:

Natural law;
The law of nations;
Public law; and,
Private or civil law.

Natural Law

Refers to a type of moral theory, as well

as to a type of legal theory, but the core
claims of the two kinds of theory are
logically independent.

We have the right to defend ourselves

and our property, because of the kind of
animals that we are.

Law of Nation

Law of Nations is the science of the

rights which exist between Nations or
States, and of the obligations
corresponding to these rights.

Principle and rule of conduct which

should prevent the strongest nation
from abusing its power.

Public Law

The branch of law that deals with the

state or government and its
relationships with individuals or other
governments.

A law affecting the public.

Civil and Private Law

The body of laws of a state or nation

dealing with the rights of private
citizens. (Civil Law)

The branch of law that deals with the

legal rights and relationships of
private individuals. (Private Law)

Maritime Law

A system of law regulating the

relation between sovereign states and
their rights and duties with respect to
each other.

Also known as Admiralty law.

Development of Maritime Law

First official step in this regards was

Geneva Convention 1958.
Known as United Nation Convention on Law
of Sea.
Result of meeting:

Convention on Territorial sea and contiguous

zone.
Continental Shelf.
High Seas.
Fisheries and Protection of living resources of
high seas.

Development of Maritime Law

Second step :- united nation conference

on law of sea held in 1960, but without
any result.
Third Step :- third conference heLd by
united nation in 1973.
Which lasted till 1982.
Result was very successful.
Adoption of Unclos 1982 and came into
force on 16 Nov 1994.

Outcome of Unclos 1982

Acknowledge, supplemented and developed a

number of provision in Geneva convention 1958.
First territorial sea was defined and limited to 12nm
only.
Also includes 200 nm as EEZ as demanded by various
nations.
Law to govern research and exploitation in areas of
international seabed were established.
Concept of Archipelagic water was also introduced for
first time.
Rights of transit passage thru International strait was
also defined.

Sea Area as defined in Unclos 1982

TERRITORIAL
SEA

CONTIGUOUS
ZONE

INTERNAL
WATERS
BASELINE

EEZ
12
NM

CONTINENTAL
SHELF
24
NM

200
NM

Division of sea Area

Sea is divided into following area:

Inland water
Territorial water
Contiguous Zone
EEZ
Continental Shelf
International Straits
Archipelagic water
High Seas
International sea bed area

Inland Water

Base line

Generally based on lower water mark

But can use straight baselines

Low-tide elevations: If within mainland

territorial sea, can use as basis

Rivers: If flow directly into sea, line across

mouth

Harbor lines: If attached to coast, can

serve as baselines

Base line

Archipelagic Base line

Internal water : right of access

Generally bays, estuaries, lakes, rivers, canal and ports and
waters enclosed by straight baselines.

All v/ls when in internal water, place themselves within the

jurisdiction of the coastal state.

A state which exercise sovereign authority over them in the

same manner as it exercises sovereignty over its land
territory.
No right of access to ports or other internal waters unless

Base lines which have been redrawn enclose waters

previously to seawards of the baselines.

Due to force majeure, v/l voluntary entered due distress,

stress of weather or mechanical breakdown.

In case of warships and other public ship, granted special

status in international law, provided they entered with the
consent of the state.