Lighting Fixtures and Calculations

LIGHTING FIXTURES
AND CALCULATIONS
Created and Presented by
Doren Nedrick
The First Light Bulb

Electric
energy can be changed into

light energy in a number of ways.
The first practical device for producing
light by electricity was the carbon
filament lamp invented by Thomas
Edison in 1879.
06/21/15
Compiled by : Doren Nedrick
Types of lamps
There
are two types of lamps:

incandescent and gas filled lamps
Gas filled lamps include: discharge
lamp, low pressure mercury vapour
lamp (LPMV), high pressure mercury
vapour lamp (HPMV), sodium
discharge lamp and Halogen.
06/21/15
Incandescent Lamp
The
word incandescent means glowing

from intense heat.
Principle of Operation: Light energy is
produced by passing a current through
a conductor (usually tungsten)
enclosed in an evacuated glass bulb.
The operating temperature is over
2000oC. The efficiency of the lamp is
further increased by the following
methods:
06/21/15
Incandescent lamp Contd
06/21/15
Incandescent lamp Contd

Filling
the bulb with an inert gas,

usually argon allows an increased
operating temperature (about 2500oC)
giving increased light, as it minimizes
the losses from the filament due to
evaporation.
The life of the lamp is also increased
(1000 -1500 Hrs).
06/21/15
Advantages
Incandescent
lamps are easily
dimmable.
These lamps have the lowest initial
cost and require no ballast.
06/21/15
Disadvantages Of Incandescent
Lamps
Compared
with the other major light

sources incandescent is the least
efficient.
When a lighting design calls for energy
efficiency, fluorescent or high intensity
discharge lighting makes more sense.
06/21/15
How Efficient is the Fluorescent

Lamp?
Approximately
90% of the energy that is

consumed in an incandescent lamp is release in
the form of heat while only 10% is converted to
visible light.
The added heat load from an incandescent
lighting system requires more cooling capacity
and thus higher energy costs during the cooling
season.
The additional heat can be a benefit during the
heating season but in general lighting is an
inefficient method for heating and should not
be considered as a benefit.
06/21/15
More Disadvantages
Incandescent
lamps operate at shorter

lives than most other lighting sources.
Some applications such as high ceiling
make lamp replacement very difficult.
Incandescent lamps should only be used
in areas that can be easily serviced.
Hard to reach areas should use a source
with a longer life.
06/21/15
10
Lamp Bases
Bayonet
Screw
Base
06/21/15
Lamp Base
Type Lamp
11
Electric Discharge and

Fluorescence
Light
is often produced when an electric

current passes through a gas. We see a
burst of this light in the sparks of static
electricity or lightning.
Several types of lamps produce light by
establishing a permanent electric arc in
a gas. This process is known as electric
discharge, or gaseous discharge.
It is the process used to produce light in
fluorescent and high intensity discharge
lamps.
06/21/15
12
Low Pressure Mercury Vapour

Lamp
More
Popularly known as Fluorescent lamp

Consists of a glass tube, the interior of
which is coated in fluorescent phosphor.
The tube is filled with mercury vapour at
low pressure and a little argon to assist
starting.
At each end of the tube is situated an
oxide-coated filament.
Discharge takes place when a high voltage
is applied across the ends of the tube.
06/21/15
13
Diagram of Single Fluorescent

Tube
06/21/15
14
06/21/15
15
Inside a Fluorescent Lamp
06/21/15
16
Practical Operation
When
the supply is switched on, the circuit is

completed via: the choke, first lamp element,
starter switch, second lamp element and the
nuetral.
The elements, which are coated in oxide,
become warm and the oxide coating emits
some electrons and the gas ionizes at the ends
of the tube (this helps the main ionization
process).
The starter contacts (usually of the bimetallic
type) separate, owing to the current passing
through them, and the choke is open circuited.
06/21/15
17
Practical Operation contd

As
we have seen, breaking an

inductive circuit causes high voltages
to appear across the breaking
contacts, and energy is released in the
form of an arc.
In this case, however, there is an
easier way for the energy to dissipate
via the gas, and the high voltage
appears across the ends of the tube.
06/21/15
18
Practical Operation contd

When
the gas is fully ionized, the choke

limits the current to a predetermined
value, and the light emitted, which is
mostly ultraviolet, is made visible by the
fluorescent powder coating.
The radio interference suppression
capacitor is usually located in the starter.
The PF correction capacitor is part of the
control circuitry common to all
fluorescent lighting installations.
06/21/15
19
Starters
Three
methods are commonly

available for starting the discharge in
fluorescent tube:
1. The thermal start
2. The glow start and
3. The quick start
06/21/15
20
Thermal Starter
A
thermal starter consists of two contacts

(one of which is bimetal) and a heater.
06/21/15
21
Operation
When
the supply to the lamp is

switched on the heater is energized.
Also the lamp filaments are energized
via the start contact.
The heater causes the contacts to part
and the choke open circuits across the
tube, so that discharge takes place.
06/21/15
22
The Glow starter

The
glow starter is the most popular of all the

means of starting the discharge.
It comprises a pair of open contacts
(bimetallic) enclosed in a sealed glass bulb
filled with helium gas. This assemble is
housed in a metal or plastic canister.
06/21/15
23
Picture Diagram
06/21/15
24
Inside the Glow starter
06/21/15
25
Operation
When
the supply is switched on the

helium gas ionizes and heats up,
causing the contacts to close, and this
energizes the tube filaments.
As the contacts have closed, the
discharge in the helium ceases, the
contacts cool and part, open circuiting
the choke across the tube, and
discharge takes place.
06/21/15
26
Quick start or Instant start

Quickstart,
use filament heating transformers.

The filament heating supply is reduced when the
lamp lights. The quickstart filament transformer
is often a separate unit from the ballast, but the
two can be combined in one can in other cases.
06/21/15
27
Picture Diagram
06/21/15
28
Quick Start
Designed
for use in easy flaming and

easy explosive atmospheres,safety
and reliable, start immediately.
Lamp head of instant-start fluorescent
lamp is made of good quality and
extra-thick aluminum caps with one
foot copper pins.
06/21/15
29
Operation
When
the supply is switched on, mains

voltage appears across the ends of the
tube, and the small part of the winding at
each end of the transformer energizes
the filaments, which heat up.
The difference in potential between the
electrodes and the earthed strip causes
ionization, which spreads along the tube.
06/21/15
30
Stroboscopic effect
While
a fluorescent lamp is in
operation the light may flicker. Under
some circumstances this may make it
appear that rotating machinery has
slowed down or even stopped. This is
called the stroboscopic effect. This is
an undesirable state of affairs which is
usually remedied by one of the two
following methods.
06/21/15
31
Lead Lag Circuit
06/21/15
32
Overcoming Stroboscopic
Effect
In
this method a capacitor is wired in

series with every alternate lamp in a
group. The value of the capacitor is such
that the lamp unit it is fitted to has an
overall leading PF.
06/21/15
33
Overcoming Stroboscopic
Effect
This
means that every pair of

lamps have a lagging and leading
PF. This has the effect of
cancelling out the resultant flicker,
in the same way as two equal but
opposing forces cancel each other
out.
06/21/15
34
Common uses and

advantages
Fluorescent
lamps give light from a large

glowing surface rather than a small intense
source.
These lamps are commonly used in
situations which call for general
illumination at an even level such as
offices, classrooms, retail stores, hallways,
and cafeterias.
High efficiency: A 20W fluorescent lamp
gives the same amount of light as 100W
incandescent lamp.
06/21/15
35
High Pressure Mercury Vapor

Lamps
This
type consists of a quartz tube

containing mercury at high pressure and a
little argon gas to assist starting.
There are three electrodes: two main
electrodes and one auxiliary; the latter is
used for starting the discharge.
06/21/15
36
Mercury Lamp
06/21/15
37
Used in Street lighting
06/21/15
38
Common uses and

advantages
They
produce a bluish-white light.

Mercury vapor lamps have been used
as outdoor lighting for streets and
parking lots and have also been used
as indoor lighting in factories and
gymnasiums.
They are much more energy efficient
than incandescent lamps and have a
much longer life.
06/21/15
39
Other options to consider

Mercury
vapor lamps are declining in

popularity.
06/21/15
40
High Pressure Sodium Lamps
06/21/15
41
Sodium Vapour Lamp

Inside
the tube is a quantity of solid

sodium and a small amount of neon
gas (this helps in the starting process).
An outer glass envelope stops too
much heat loss from the inner tube.
06/21/15
42
Sodium Vapour Lamp

The
output from the auto transformer

is in the region of 480V and the p.f.
correction capacitor is important as
the p.f. of the lamp and transformer
can be as low as 0.3 lagging.
The recommended position of the
lamp is horizontal 20o, this ensures
that hot sodium does not collect at
one end of the tube in sufficient
quantities to attack and damage it.
06/21/15
43
Sodium Vapour Lamp

The
light output is almost pure yellow, which

distorts surrounding colours, and such is
useful only for street lighting.
The high pressure type of sodium vapour
lamp differs from other discharge lamps in
that the discharge tube is made of
compressed aluminum oxide, which is
capable of withstanding the intense
chemical activity of the sodium vapour at
high temperature and pressure.
06/21/15
44
Sodium Vapour Lamp

The
efficacy is in the region of

100lm/W, and the lamp maybe
mounted in any position. The colour is
a golden white and as there is little
surrounding colour distortion, it is
suitable for many applications
including shopping centers, car parks
and sports grounds.
06/21/15
45
Common uses and

advantages
High
pressure sodium lamps are used

in outdoor lighting of streets and
parking lots and in indoor settings
where color rendering is not critical.
These indoor settings include
warehouse and shipping areas and
some manufacturing areas.
06/21/15
46
Other options to consider

Rarely
will an application using high

pressure sodium lamps be a candidate
for a change to another light source.
High efficiency lamps are available
and de-lamping may be a possibility if
an area is over-lit
06/21/15
47
The Halogen Cycle

Some
incandescent lamps contain a special

gas called a halogen.
Halogen lamps can give off more light than
standard incandescent lamps because they
operate at higher temperatures. The higher
temperature also means that the light is whiter.
The molecules of the gas perform a service
called the halogen cycle which permits the
higher temperature.
The halogen gas does its job by catching atoms
from the filament which are driven from
surface by the high temperature. In standard
incandescent lamps those atoms collect on the
glass and can be seen as the black deposit in
an old lamp.
06/21/15
48
Halogen
If
a halogen gas is present in the lamp with a

tungsten filament then the atoms which are
driven off combine with halogen molecules.
Instead of collecting on the lamp wall, the
tungsten atoms stay attached to the halogen
gas until they are returned to the filament where
the tungsten and halogen are separated.
The tungsten is deposited on the filament and
the halogen gas is free to circulate, again
available to intercept a tungsten atom.
Because the atoms return to the filament,
halogen lamps can be used at higher
temperatures in spite of the fact that the heat
causes atoms to leave the surface at a faster
rate.
06/21/15
49
Efficiency of Lamps
06/21/15
50
Why Lamps are Connected in

Parallel
Current
will flow individually to all three

bulbs instead of flowing through same value
in all bulbs. If any one of the bulbs fail the
others will still work as current flow through
the rest of the circuit, this is the biggest
advantage of using a bulb in parallel circuit.
06/21/15
51
Lamps in Series
The
same current will flow to all three bulbs

instead. If any one of the bulbs fail the others
will not work, this is the biggest
disadvantage of using a bulb in series circuit.
The bulbs will be dim as the voltage will
share between all three bulbs
06/21/15
52
Why Parallel
Lamps
are connected in parallel for two main

reasons:
ensures that all lamps receive the same
voltage because voltage in a parallel circuit
is the same throughout; and if one lamps
goes out the remainder remains on
whereas when connected in series you would
have to use a lamp that you are sure is
working to replace all the lamps until we find
which is not working and it presents more
problem when two or more lamps goes out.
06/21/15
53
Disadvantage of series
When
they are connected in series

both lamps do not receive the supply
voltage but shares it hence the lights
are dim.
06/21/15
54
Illumination
06/21/15
55
Calculating Illumination
06/21/15
56
Example
06/21/15
= I /d2
57
Example
Calculate
the illumination on a working

plane at a point A, 2m meters vertically
below a lamp emitting 720 cd. The surface
is at right angles to the light source.
= I/ d2
E = 720/ 22
= 180lm/m2
06/21/15
58
Cosine Law
The
illumination at a point on a horizontal

working plane which is at angle to the
light source is calculated as follow:
06/21/15
59
Example
E
= I/ d2 x cos
Where cos = the cosine of angle between
vertical line AC and diagonal line BC
d = distance CB (not distance AB) since
this is a right angle triangle.
Distance CB2 = AB2 + AC2
CB2 = 32 + 22
CB2 = 13
CB = 13 or 3.604
06/21/15
60
Solution
Cos
= Adj/Hyp
= 2 / 3.604
= 0.5549
Hence
E = (720/3.6042) x 0.5549
= 30.73lm/m2
06/21/15
61

Lighting Fixtures and Calculations

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lighting Fixtures and Calculations

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

LIGHTING FIXTURES

The First Light Bulb

energy can be changed into

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

are two types of lamps:

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

word incandescent means glowing

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Incandescent lamp Contd

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Incandescent lamp Contd

the bulb with an inert gas,

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

lamps are easily

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

with the other major light

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

How Efficient is the Fluorescent

90% of the energy that is

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

lamps operate at shorter

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Electric Discharge and

is often produced when an electric

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Low Pressure Mercury Vapour

Popularly known as Fluorescent lamp

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Diagram of Single Fluorescent

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Inside a Fluorescent Lamp

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

the supply is switched on, the circuit is

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Practical Operation contd

we have seen, breaking an

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Practical Operation contd

the gas is fully ionized, the choke

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

methods are commonly

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

thermal starter consists of two contacts

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

the supply to the lamp is

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

The Glow starter

glow starter is the most popular of all the

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Inside the Glow starter

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

the supply is switched on the

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Quick start or Instant start

use filament heating transformers.

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

for use in easy flaming and

Compiled by : Doren Nedrick

the supply is switched on, mains