Introduction

Now a days the demand of Electrical power in increasing day by day but
the presence of coal and fossils fuels are towards the end. So it is the time
to find find another way to generate the power. Sometimes it is also difficult
to transmit power to the remote and hilly places which are far away for the
main generating station. In order to improve energy efficiency and power
quality issues. The use of solar cell energy is considered to be a primary
resource, because there are several countries located in tropical and
temperate regions, where the direct solar density may reach up to
1000W/m. At present, solar cell (PV) generation is assuming increased
importance as a renewable energy sources application because of
distinctive advantages such as simplicity of allocation, high dependability,
absence of fuel cost, low maintenance and lack of noise and wear due to
the absence of moving parts. So here we are trying to model a nonconventional energy generation system using wind and solar sources. No
pollution is emitted here i.e.100% environmental friendly

Solar Energy Potential

As of February 2006, Photovoltaic technology
accounted for less than 1% of worldwide
electricity generation.
The amount of solar energy that reaches the
Earths surface every hour is greater than
humankinds total demand for energy in one
year

Non-Electric Solar Power

Solar Water Heating
Passive Solar Heating/Lighting

Solar Water Heating

Solar Water Heating

Advantages
Replacing or supplementing
other water heating
methods: natural gas,
electricity
Disadvantages
More expensive in cooler
climates

Passive Solar Heating/Cooling

Passive solar heating
can use overhangs to
shield the home from
the sun in the
summer, and warm
the home when the
sun is lower in the
winter sky

Solar Heating/Cooling

Non-Electric Solar Power &

Energy Independence
Lowered Energy Consumption
Broadening of Energy Portfolio
Reduced Need for Fossil Fuel Imports

Solar Generated Electricity

Concentrating Solar Power
Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Concentrating Solar Power

Require Direct Sunlight
Concentrating solar
power systems cannot
reflect diffuse sunlight,
making them ineffective
in cloudy conditions

Two Approaches
Power Tower
Parabolic Trough

-Direct normal solar resource in the Southwest.

Image courtesy of Tackling Climate Change In
the US: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions
from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by
2030 (Charles F. Kutcher ed.). Darker colors
signify greater solar radiance.

CSP Potential
State

Available Area

Capacity (MW)

Arizona

19,200

2,467,700

California

6,900

877,200

Colorado

2,100

271,900

Nevada

5,600

715,400

New Mexico

15,200

1,940,000

Texas

1,200

148,700

Utah

3,600

456,100

Total

53,900

6,877,000

- Direct normal solar resource in the Southwest, filtered

by resource, land use, and topology. Image courtesy of
Tackling Climate Change In the US: Potential Carbon
Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy by 2030 (Charles F. Kutcher ed.)

Existing US Generation Capacity (2003) = 1,000 GW

Total Potential CSP Generation in Southwest = 7,000 GW

Power Tower
Solar One (CA)
Steam Heat Transfer
10 MW

Solar Two (CA)

Molten Salt Heat Transfer
10 MW

Solar Tres (Spain)

Molten Salt Heat Transfer
15 MW

Solar Tower

Parabolic Trough
Sunlight focused on heat transfer fluid
(HTF), which then runs steam turbine

Parabolic Trough Generating Plant

Image of parabolic trough power plant in Kramer Junction, CA, which supplies power for the greater
Los Angeles area. This plant, in conjunction 4 other parabolic trough plants in California, can
produce as much as 354MW of electricity.

Photovoltaic Cells

Photovoltaic Potential
The basic resource potential for solar PV
in the United States is virtually unlimited
compared to any foreseeable demand for
energy.
Paul Denholm, Robert Margolis, & Ken Zweibel, Potential Carbon
Emissions Reductions from Solar Photovoltaics by 2030, in Tackling
Climate Change In The US: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions
From Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy By 2030, p.99 (Charles
F. Kutcher, ed., 2007)

PV is flexible enough that it can be adapted for use in many areas.

Photoelectric Effect
Basic process by which a
photovoltaic cell converts
absorbed sunlight into
electricity
Photons knock
electrons free from the
silicon structure, freeing
them to enter electric
current and power a
load (like a light bulb)

Solar Generated Electricity

Distribution Approaches
Centralized (CSP)
Advantages and Disadvantages

Distributed (PV Roof Installations)

Advantages and Disadvantages
Distributed PV Generation & Energy
Independence

Centralized
Advantages
Traditional model of
distribution
No fuel costs

This PV Array is part of the

Sacramento Municipal Utility
District, generating 3.2 MW,
enough for 2,200 homes.

Disadvantages
Non-Constant Power
Vulnerability

Distributed Solar (PV)

Advantages
Net-metering
Grid Storage

Flexibility
Reduced vulnerability to
terrorist attack
Almost no maintenance
Negligible environmental
impact
Domestic Production (?)

Disadvantages
Cost
Extensive Individual
Investment
Low Conversion Efficiency

CCRs
Intermittency

Net-Metering
Peak generation from PV occurs during the day
Net-metering allows users to bank electricity they
generate, and credit it against the electricity they use
Most states wont pay users if they generate more electricity
than they use, but they can zero-out their accounts

As of 2007, net-metering is offered to some degree in 41

states and D.C.
California, New York, Texas
Net-metering is offered in Illinois by one or more individual
utilities

EPAct of 2005 requires all states to offer net-metering by

2008

Grid-Connected PV

CCR
Solar Cell Array

PV Flexibility
Stand-Alone
Water pumps
Fans

Battery Backup
Isolated Areas

Generator Backup

Hybrid
Remote applications

Grid Connected
Grid storage

Utility Scale
Easy & Quick to build

PV Applications

Reduced Vulnerability
Roof-by-roof power generation makes it too
difficult for one strike to have a crippling effect
Vulnerability of centralized generation was
illustrated in the August 2003 US blackout
caused by a series of tripped generation facilities
and transmission lines
Within the first 2 hours:
3 Coal Fired Power Plants
9 Nuclear Power Plants
5 Major Transmission Lines

Estimated loss from the August 2003 blackout has

been placed at $5-6 billion.

Distributed Solar Power and

Energy Independence
The ultimate in Energy Independence
self-sufficiency
Consumers becoming producers

PV Disadvantages
Price
Efficiency

Community Associations CCRs

Intermittency

Price
Still not price-competitive with traditional sources of
electricity
If you don't include the environmental costs of coal-fired
electricity when comparing them with solar, it becomes very
difficult. [Saving money] is not what motivates me and if that's all
that motivates the consumer, then perhaps solar isn't for them.
Dr. Richard Corkish, University of New South Wales, School of
Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering

Paying for Itself

Ability of a PV system to pay for itself depends on the size of
the installation, electricity demands it is meeting.
Residential PV system may pay for itself within first half of its
estimated lifespan (30 years)

Price Reductions
Year

$/W (Goal)

Residential
Installation
Cost (2-4 kW)

2005

$8.50

$17,000-34,000

2010

$5.50

$11,000-$22,000

2015

$3.25

$6500-13,000

2030

$2.00

$4000-8,000

Goals for DOEs Solar America Initiative for cost reduction in PV Residential
(2-4kW) Systems:
2015 = 10-12 cents/kWh
2030 = 6-8 cents/kWh
$148M in 2007 Funding for Solar America Initiative to spark R&D

Efficiency
Conversion Efficiency the percentage of
solar energy shining on a device that is
converted into electrical energy
Typical Efficiencies
Single Crystalline Silicon = 14%
Thin Film = 7%

CCRs
As of 1999, 42 Million Americans lived in
community associations
Many of these communities seek to establish
aesthetic uniformity, protecting homeowner and
developer investment and lessening the risk of
undesirable activities in the community
The Declaration of Conditions, Covenants, and
Restrictions are one method used to ensure that
homes retain a common design theme w/in a
community

Typical CCR Provisions Restricting

Solar Systems
Prior Approval of
Architectural Committee
Explicit Restrictions on
Placement of Solar
Equipment
Height Restrictions
Restrictions on secondary
buildings or structures

Requirements that utilities

be screened
Restrictions on the
placement of
improvements
Specifications regarding
roofing materials
Restrictions pertaining to
architectural style

Architectural Restrictions
Arizona HOA is battling
resident over black solar
collector which doesnt
match his light-brown roof
Some state laws have
attempted to limit the ability
of CCRs to restrict solar
improvements

Intermittency
Obviously, solar power requires sunlight to
generate power
This means that:
No power is can be generated at night
Power generation may be reduced by cloud cover
However, PV will still work with overcast skies

Generation techniques requiring direct sunlight (CSP)

are ineffective w/o optimum conditions

Solutions:
Generators, Batteries, Hybrid Facilities
Hydrogen

Hydrogen
Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier
Hydrogen can be created from water through a
process called electrolysis
DC current is used to split water into hydrogen and
oxygen

Energy from renewable sources, like solar

power, can be used to manufacture hydrogen
Commercial feasibility of solar generated
hydrogen is far off

Solar Power and Energy

Independence
Lessen Reliance on Fossil Fuel
Stabilize Energy Costs
Re-conceptualize Distribution of Energy
End-user production
Distributed system lessens large-scale
vulnerability

Production Method for Hydrogen

Economy

 The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy

Systems ISE, Soitec, CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz
Center Berlin jointly announced today having
achieved a new world record for the conversion of
sunlight into electricity using a new solar cell
structure with four solar subcells. Surpassing
competition after only over three years of
research, and entering the roadmap at world
class level, a new record efficiency of 44.7% was
measured at a concentration of 297 suns.

We are very proud of this new result, confirming the broad

path that exists in solar technologies for advanced III-V
semiconductor processing, said Leti CEO Laurent
Malier. Concentrator modules are produced by Soitec
(started in 2005 under the name Concentrix Solar, a
spin-off of Fraunhofer ISE). This particularly efficient
technology is employed in solar power plants located in
sun-rich regions with a high percentage of direct
radiation. Presently Soitec has CPV installations in 18
different countries including Italy, France, South Africa
and California.

IV-characteristic for the current best four-junction solar cell

under AM1.5d ASTM G173-03 spectrum at a concentration
of 297 suns.