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ORAL HISTOLOGY

ASSC.PROF.DR.MELTEM KURUS

The alimentary mucosa


is the surface across
which most substances
enter the body
The alimentary mucosa
performs numerous
functions in its role as an
interface between the
body and environment.

These functions include the following

Secrection
Absorption
Barrier
Immunologic protection

Secretion: The lining of the alimentary canal


secretes, at specific sites, digestive
enzymes, hydrochloric acid, mucin, and
antibodies

Absorption: The epithelium of the mucosa


absorbs metabolic substrates (e.g, the
breakdown products of digestion) as well
as vitamins,wate, electrolytes, recylable
materials such as bile components and
cholesterol, and other substances
essential to the functions of the body

Barrier: The mucosa serves as a barrier to


prevent the entry of noxious substances,
antigens, and pathogenic organisms

Immunologic protection: Lymphatic tissue


within the mucosa serves as the body`s
first line of immune defense

Oral Cavity
The oral cavity
consists of the mouth
and its structures,
which include the
tongue, teeth and
their supporting,
structures
(periodontium) major
and minor salivary
glands and tonsils

The oral cavity is divided


into
Vestibulum oris
Oral cavity proper

The vestibule is the


space between the lips,
cheeks, and teeth
The oral cavity proper
lies behind the teeth
and is bounded by hard
and soft palates
superiorly, the tongue
and floor of the mouth
inferiorly and the
entrance to the
oropharynx posteriorly

The oral cavity is lined by the oral mucosa


that consist of;
1-Masticatory Mucosa
2-Lining Mucosa
3-Specialized Mucosa

Masticator Mucosa
The masticator mucosa is found on the gingiva
(gums) and hard plate
It has a keratinized and, in some areas, a
parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

parakeratined
stratified squamous
epithelium is smiliar to
keratinized epithelium
except that the
superficial cells do not
lose their nuclei and
their cytoplasm does
not stain intensely
with eosin

The nuclei of the parakeratinized cells are


pyknotic (highly condensed) and remain until
cell is exfoliated.
The keratinized epithelium of the masticatory
mucosa resembles that of the skin but lacks a
stratum lucidum.

The underlying lamina propria consist of a


thick papillary layer of loose connective tissue
that contains blood vessels and nerves, some
of which send bare axon endings into the
epithelium as sensory reseptors, and some of
which in Meissner`s corpuscule
Deep to lamina propria is reticular layer of
more-dense connective tissue

As in the skin, the


deep and number of
connective tissue
papillae contribute to
the relative immobility
of the masticatory
mucosa, thus
protecting it from
frictional and shearing
stress.

At the midline of the hard palate, in the


palatine raphe, the mucosa adheres firmly to
the underlying bone.
The reticular layer of the lamina propria
blends with the periosteum and thus there is
no submucosa.
The same is true of the gingiva

Lining Mucosa
The lining mucosa is
found on the lips,
cheeks, alveolar
mucosal surface, floor
of the mouth, inferior
surfaces of the
tongue and soft
palate.

Where there is submucosa underlying the


lamina propria on the hard palate, it
contains adiposa tissue anteriorly (fatty
zone) and mucous glands posteriorly
(glandular zone) that are continuous with
those of the soft palate.
In the submucosal regions, thick
collagenous bands extend from the
mucosa to the bone.

At these sites it covers striated muscle


(lips, cheeks, and tongue), bone(alveolar
mucosa) and glands (soft palate, cheeks,
inferior surface of the tongue)
The lining mucosa has fewer and shorter
papillae so that is can adjust to the
movement of its underlying muscles.

Generally, the epithelium of the lining


mucosa is nonkeratinized, although in
some places it may be parakeratinized.
The epithelium of the vermilion border of
the lip (the reddish portion of between the
moist inner surface and facial skin) is
keratinized

The nonkeratinized
lining epithelium is
thicker than keratinized
epithelium.
It consists of only 3
layers
Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum superficiale

Stratum basale; a single layer of the basal


lamina
Stratum spinosum; which is several cells
thick
Stratum superficiale; the most superficial
layer of cells, also referred as the surface
layer of the mucosa

The cells of mucosal epithelium are similar


to those of the epidermis of the skin and
include keratinocytes, Langerhans`s cells,
melaoncytes and Mercel`s cells.
The lamina propria contains blood
vessels, nerves that send bare axon
endings into basal layers of the
epithelium, and encapsulated sensory
endings in some papillae

The sharp contrast between numerous


deep papillae of the alveolar mucosa and
the shallow papillae in the rest of lining
mucosa allows easy identification of the 2
different regions in a histologic section.

A distinct submucosa underlies the lining


mucosa except on the inferior surface of
the tongue
This layer contains large bands of
collagen and elactic fibers that bind the
mucosa to the underlying muscle;it also
contains the many minor salivary glands
of the lips, tongue, and cheeks.

Occasionally, sebaceous glands not


associated with a hair follicle are found in
the submucosa just lateral to the corner of
the mouth and in the cheeks opposite the
molar teeth
They are visible to the eye and are called
Fordyce spots

The submucosa contains the larger blood


vessels, nerves and lymphatic vessels that
supply the subepeithelial neurovascular
networks in the lamina propria throughout
the oral cavity

Specilazed Mucosa
Specilazed mucosa is
associated with the
sensation of taste and is
restricted to the dorsal
surface of the tongue.
It contains papillae and
taste buds responsible for
generating the chemical
sensation of taste

Oral mucosa forms an important


protective barrier between the external
environment of the oral cavity and internal
environments of the surrounding tissue
It is resistant to the pathologic organisms
that enter the oral cavity and to indigenous
microorganisms residing there as
microbial flora

However, in individuals with


immunodeficiency or undergoing antibiotic
therapy in which the balance between
microorganisms and protective
mechanisms is disrupted, oral infections
are rather common

Tonsils
The tonsils consist of
aggregations of lymphatic
nodules that are clustered
around the posterior
opening of the oral and
nasal cavities

Lymphatic tissue is
organized into a
tonsillar (Waldeyer`s)
ring of immunologic
protection located at
the shared entrance
to the digestive and
respiratory tracts

This lymphatic tissue surrounds the


posterior orifice of the oral and nasal
cavities and contains aggregates of
lymphatic nodules that include the
following :

Palatine tonsils, or
simply the tonsils,
which are located at
either side of the
entrance to the
oropharynx between
the palatopharyngeal
and palatoglossal
arches

Tubal tonsils, which are located in the lateral


walls of the nasopharynx posterior to the
opening of the auditory tube
Pharyngeal tonsil, or adenoid, which is located
in the roof of the nasopharynx
Lingual tonsil, which is located at the base of
the tongue on its superior surface

LIPS
The upper and lower lips
are usually in contact with
one another and thus
resemble a drawstring in
that they guard the
entrance into the oral
cavity
The core of the lips is
composed of skeletal
muscle fibers that are
responsible for the lips
mobility

Each lip may be


subdivided into three
regions; the external
aspect, vermilion zone,
and mucous
(internal,wet) aspect
The external aspect of
the lip is covered with
thin skin and is
associated with sweat
glands, hair follicles, and
sebaceous glands

The region is continous with


the vermilion zone, the pink
region of the lip, which is
also covered by thin skin.
However, the vermilion zone
is devoid of sweat glands
and hair follicles, although
occasional, nonfunctional
sebaceous glands are
present here

LIPS
The interdigitation
between the epithelium
and connective tissue
components of the oral
mucosa (rete apparatus)
is highly developed, so
that capillary loops of the
dermal papillae are close
to the surface of the skin,
imparting a pink color to
the vermillion zone.

The absence of
functional glands in
this region
necessitates the
occasional moistening
of the vermilion zone
by the tongue

The mucous (internal)


aspect of the lip is
always wet, and is
lined by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.

LIPS
The subepithelial
connective tissue is of
the dense, irregular
collagenous type and
houses numerous,
mostly mucous, minor
salivary glands

PALATE
The oral and nasal cavities
are seperated from each
other by the hard and soft
palates.
The hard palate positioned
anteriorly, is immovable
and receives its name
from bony shelf contained
within it.

In contrast, the soft


palate is movable,
and its core is
occupied by skeletal
muscle responsible
for its movements

The mucosa on the


oral aspect of the hard
palate is composed of
stratified squamous
keratinized (or
parakeratinized)
epithelium underlain by
dense, irregular
collagenous connective
tissue.

The connetive tissue of the


anterior region of the hard
palate displays clusters of
adipose cells, whereas
posteriorly it exhibits acini
of mucous minor salivary
glands.
The nasal aspect of the
hard palate is covered by
respiratory epithelium with
occasional patches of
stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium

The soft palate is covered


by a stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium
on its oral surface
The subjacent dense,
irregular collagenous
connective tissue has
mucous minor salivary
glands that are continous
with those of the hard
palate

The epithelium of its nasal


aspect, as that of the hard
palate, is pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
The posterior-most
extension of the soft palate
is the uvula, whose
histological appearance is
similar to that of the soft
palate, except that its
epithelium is composed
solely of stratified
squamous nonkeratinized
epithelium

TEETH AND SUPPORTING TISSUE


Teeth are a major
component of the oral
cavity and are essential
for the beginning of the
digestive process
Teeth are embedded in
and attached to the
alveolar process of the
maxilla and mandible

Children have 10
deciduous (primary, milk)
teeth in each jaw, on each
side;
A medial (central) incisor,
the first tooth erupt
(usually in the mandible)
at approximately 6 months
of age (in some infants,
first teeth may not erupt
until 12-13 months

A lateral incisor, which


erupts at approximately 8
months
A canine tooth, which erupts
at approximately 15 months
Two molar teeth, the first of
which erupts at 10 to 19
months and the second of
which erupts 20 to 31
months

During a period of
years, usually
beginning at about age
6 and ending at about
age 12-13, deciduous
teeth are gradually
replaced by 16
permanent (secondary)
teeth in each jaw

Each side of both upper


and lower jaws consists of
the following;
A medial (central) incisor,
which erupts at age 7 to 8
A lateral incisor, which
erupts at age 8 to 9
A canine tooth which
erupts at age 10-12

Two premolar teeth which


erupt between ages 10
and 12
Three molar teeth which
erupt at different times;
the first molar usually at
age 6, the second molar
in the early teens and the
third molar (wisdom
teeth) during the late
teens early twenties

Incisors, canines, and


premolars have one root
each except for the first
premolar of the maxilla,
which has two roots.
Molars have either two
roots (lower jaw) or three
(upper jaw), and on rare
occasion four roots.
All teeth have the same
basic structure, however

Teeth consist of several


layers of specialized
tissues
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum

Enamel; a hard thin,


translucent layer of
acellular mineralized
tissue that covers the
crown of the tooth

Dentin; the most


abundant dental tissue; it
lies deep to the enamel in
the crown an cementum
in the root.
Its unique tubular
structure and biochemical
composition support the
more rigid enamel and
cementum overlying the
surface of the tooth

Cementum, a thin, paleyellowish layer of bone like


calsified tissue covering the
dentin of the root of the
teeth.
Cementum is softer and
more permeable than dentin
and is easily removed by
abrasion when the root
surface is exposed to the
oral environment

ENAMEL
Enamel is the hardest
substance in the body; it is
consists of 96 to 98%
calcium hydroxyapatite.
Enamel is an acellular
mineralized tissue that
covers the crown of the
tooth.
Once formed it cannot be
replaced.

Enamel is unique tissue


because, unlike bone
which is formed from
connective tissue, it is a
mineralized material
derived from epithelium.
Enamel is more highly
mineralized and harder
than any other
mineralized tissue in the
body; it is consist of 96
to 98% calsium
hydroxyapatite

Enamel is composed
of enamel rods that
span the entire
thickness of the
enamel layer.

Although the enamel of an


erupted tooth lacks cells and
cell processes, it is not static
tissue
It is influenced by the
secretion of the salivary
glands, which are essential
to its maintenance.
The substance in saliva that
affect teeth include digestive
enzymes secreted
antibodies and a variety of
inorganic (mineral)
components

Mature enamel
contains very little
organic material.
Despite its hardness,
enamel can be
decalcified by acidproducing bacteria
acting on food
products trapped on
the enamel surface

This is the basis of the


initiation of dental caries
Fluoride added to the
hydroxyapatite complex
makes the enamel more
resistant to acid
deminerilization.
The widespread use of
fluoride in drinking water,
toothpaste, pediatric
vitamin supplements, and
mouthwashes significantly
reduces the incidence of
dental caries

Enamel is produced by
ameloblasts of the enamel
organ, and dentin is
produced by neural crest
derived odontoblasts of
the adjancent
mesenchyme.
The enamel organ is an
epithelial formation that
derived from ectodermal
epithelial cells of the oral
cavity

CEMENTUM
Cementum covers the root
of the tooth
The root is the part of the
tooth that fits into its
alveolus, or socket in the
maxillla or mandible.
Cementum is a thin layer of
bonelike material that is
secreted by cementocytes,
cells that closely resemble
osteocytes.

Like bone, cementum is 65


% mineral.
The lacunae and canaliculi
in the cementum contain
the cementocytes and their
processes, respectively.
They resemble those
structures in bone that
contain osteocytes and
osteocyte processes

Unlike bone, cementum is


avascular.
Also, the canaliculi in
cementum do not form an
interconnecting network.
A layer of cementoblasts
(cells that resemble the
osteoblasts of the surface
of growing bone) is seen on
the outer surface of the
cementum, adjancent to the
periodontal ligament

Dentin
Dentin is a calcified
material that forms
most of the tooth
substance
Dentin lies deep to
the enamel and
cementum

Dentin is secreted by
odontoblasts that
form an epithelial
layer over the inner
surface of the dentin,
i.e the surface that is
in contact with the
pulp

Like ameloblasts,
odontoblasts are
columnar cells that
contain a well-devolep r
ER, a large Golgi
apparatus and other
organelles associated with
the synthesis and
secretion of other large
amounts of protein

Predentin is newly
resecreted organic
matrix, closest to the
cell body of the
odontoblast, which
has yet to be
mineralized

Dentin is produced by
odontoblast.
Dentin is the first
mineralized
component of the
tooth to be deposited

Dental Pulp and Central Pulp Cavity


The dental pulp cavity is
a connective tissue
compartment bounded by
the tooth dentin
The central pulp cavity is
the space within a tooth
that is occupied by dental
pulp, a loose connective
tissue that is richly
vascularized and
supplied by abundant
nerves.

Supporting Tissues of the Teeth


Supporting tissues of
the teeth include the
alveolar bone of the
alveolar processes of
the maxilla and
mandible, periodontal
ligaments and gingiva

The alveolar processes


of the maxilla and
mandible contain the
sockets or alveoli for the
roots of the teeth

The gingiva is the part of


the mucous membrane
commonly called the gums.
The gingiva is a specialized
part of the oral mucosa
located around the neck of
the tooth.
It is firmly attached to the
teeth and to underlying
alveolar bony tissue

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