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CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Use various methods to
determine the deflection
and slope at specific pts
on beams and shafts:
1. Integration method
2. Discontinuity functions
3. Method of
superposition
4. Moment-area method
Use the various methods to solve for the support
reactions on a beam or shaft that is statically
indeterminate
1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
8. *Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Moment-Area Method
9. Statically Indeterminate Beams and Shafts:
Method of Superposition
Moment-Curvature Relationship
x axis extends +ve to the
right, along longitudinal axis
of beam.
A differential element of undeformed width
dx is located.
axis extends +ve upwards from x axis.
It measures the displacement of the centroid on xsectional area of element.
A localized y coordinate is specified for the
position of a fiber in the element.
It is measured +ve upward from the neutral axis.
7
Moment-Curvature Relationship
Limit analysis to the case of initially straight
beam elastically deformed by loads applied
perpendicular to beams x axis and lying in
the x- plane of symmetry for beams
x-sectional area.
Internal moment M deforms
element such that angle between
x-sections is d.
Arc dx is a part of the elastic curve
that intersects the neutral axis for each x-section.
Radius of curvature for this arc defined as the
distance , measured from center of curvature O
to dx.
8
Moment-Curvature Relationship
Strain in arc ds, at position y from neutral axis, is
ds ' ds
ds
But ds dx d and ds ' y d
y d d s
or
d
1
12 - 1
Moment-Curvature Relationship
If material is homogeneous and shows linear-elastic
behavior, Hookes law applies. Since flexure formula
also applies, we combing the equations to get
1 M
12 - 2
EI
= radius of curvature at a specific pt on elastic curve
(1/ is referred to as the curvature).
M = internal moment in beam at pt where is to be
determined.
E = materials modulus of elasticity.
I = beams moment of inertia computed about neutral
axis.
10
Moment-Curvature Relationship
EI is the flexural rigidity and is always positive.
Sign for depends on the direction of the
moment.
As shown, when M is +ve, extends above the
beam. When M is ve, extends below the beam.
11
Moment-Curvature Relationship
Using flexure formula, = My/I, curvature is also
1
12 - 3
Ey
12
2
1 d
2
dx
Substitute into
2 Eqn 12-2
d
M
dx 2
3
EI
2
2
1 d
dx
12 - 4
13
2
EI
dx
Differentiate each side w.r.t. x and substitute
V = dM/dx, we get
d
d 2
EI
V
x
12
6
dx
dx 2
14
d 2
dx
M ( x)
12 - 10
15
16
17
18
20
21
EXAMPLE 12.1
Cantilevered beam shown is subjected to a vertical
load P at its end. Determine the eqn of the elastic
curve. EI is constant.
24
25
EI
d 2
dx
Px
d
Px 2
EI
C1
dx
2
Px3
EI
C1x C2
6
26
PL
0
C1
2
PL3
0
C1L C2
6
27
x3 3L2 x 2 L3
6 EI
29
PL3
A
3EI
30
2 2
A
3
2
6
4
2 200 10 N/mm 84.8 10 mm
3
0.0221 rad
2 3
A
3 200 103 N/mm2 84.8 106 mm 4
73.7 mm
31
32
EI
EI
d
dx
d 3
dx
0
C '1 V
33
d 2
dx
Px C '2 M
EXAMPLE 12.4
Beam is subjected to load P at its end. Determine
the displacement at C. EI is a constant.
35
36
EI
d 21
dx12
P
x1
2
d1
P 2
EI
x1 C1
dx1
4
P 3
EI1 x1 C1x1 C2
12
37
EI
d 22
dx2
Px2
d2
P 2
EI
x2 C3
dx2
2
P 3
EI2 x2 C3 x2 C4
6
38
1 0 at x1 0;
0 0 0 C2
P
1 0 at x1 2a; 0 2a 2 C1 2a C2
12
39
;
2a C1 a C3
dx1
dx2
4
2
Solving, we obtain
Pa 2
C1
3
C2 0
7
C3 Pa2
6
C4 Pa3
40
Pa3
C
EI
41
for x a
12 - 11
42
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions
x represents the coordinate position of a pt along
the beam
a is the location on the beam where a
discontinuity occurs, or the pt where a distributed
loading begins.
Integrating Macaulay functions, we get
xa
n 1
xa
dx
n 1
12 - 12
Discontinuity functions
Macaulay functions
44
Discontinuity functions
Singularity functions
Used to describe the pt location of concentrated
forces or couple moments acting on a beam.
A concentrated force P can be considered as a
special case of distributed loading, where w = P/e
such that its width is , 0.
w P xa
{ 0
for x a
{ P
for x a
12 - 13
45
Discontinuity functions
Singularity functions
Similarly, couple moment M0, considered +ve
counterclockwise, is a limitation as 0 of two
distributed loadings. Hence,
w M0 x a
{ 0
for x a
{ M0
for x a
12 - 14
xa
dx x a
n 1
, n 1,2
12 - 15
46
Discontinuity functions
Singularity functions
47
49
EXAMPLE 12.5
Determine the eqn of the elastic curve for the
cantilevered beam shown. EI is constant.
51
52
258 kN m x 0
2
50 kN m x 5 m
8 kN / m x 5 m
V 52 x 0 258 x 0
50 x 0
8 x0
8 x 0
1
54
258 52 x 4 x 2 4 x 5 50 x 5
kN m
55
EI
d 2
2
258 52 x 4 x 50 x 5 4 x 5
dx
d
1 4
3
2 4 3
EI
258 x 26 x x 50 x 5 x 5 C1
dx
3
3
2
2 26 3 1 4
EI 129 x x x 25 x 5
3
3
1
4
x 5 C1x C2
3
56
57
Theorem 2
The vertical deviation of the tangent at a pt (A) on
the elastic curve w.r.t. the tangent extended from
another pt (B) equals the moment of the area
under the ME/I diagram between these two pts
(A and B).
This moment is computed about pt (A) where the
vertical deviation (tA/B) is to be determined.
58
Theorem 2
59
EXAMPLE 12.7
Determine the slope of the beam shown at pts B and
C. EI is constant.
64
65
B B
and
C C
66
B B
PL
2 EI
L 1 PL
2 2 2 EI
L
2
3PL2
8 EI
67
2 EI
68
EXAMPLE 12.8
Determine the displacement of pts B and C of beam
shown. EI is constant.
69
70
71
M0
EI
2
L
M
L
0
8 EI
2
72
2
M0
M
L
L 0
EI
2 EI
74
EXAMPLE 12.16
Steel bar shown is supported by two springs at its
ends A and B. Each spring has a stiffness k = 45 kN/m
and is originally unstretched. If the bar is loaded with a
force of 3 kN at pt C, determine the vertical
displacement of the force. Neglect the weight of the
bar and take Est = 200 GPa, I = 4.687510-6 m.
75
76
2m
A 1 B 1
C 1 B 1
3m
2
0.0222 m 0.0444 m 0.0282 m
3
0.0370 m
77
C 2
Pab 2
L b2 a 2
6 EIL
3 kN 1 m 2 m 3 m 2 2 m 2 1 m 2
78
79
80
81
EXAMPLE 12.17
Beam is subjected to the distributed loading shown.
Determine the reactions at A. EI is a constant.
82
83
84
1
x
Applying Eqn 12-10,
EI 2 Ay x w0
6
L
dx
4
d 1
1
x
EI
Ay x 2 w0 C1
dx 2
24
L
5
1
1
x
EI Ay x3
w0 C1x C2
6
120
L
85
d
x L,
0;
dx
x L, 0;
1
1
2
3
0 Ay L w0 L C1
2
24
1
1
3
0 Ay L
w0 L4 C1L C2
6
120
86
C2 0
87
88
89
90
91
92
EXAMPLE 12.20
Beam is subjected to couple moment at its end C as
shown. Determine the reaction at B. EI is constant.
93
1
tA C
2
95
tB C
tA C
1 1
L
3 2
L
By L
2 1 M0
L L
L
2 EI
3 2 2 EI
M 0 L
2 EI
1 By L
2
2 L 2 L
L
2 2 EI
3
1 M0
2
L
2 EI
96
Equations of equilibrium:
Reactions at A and C can now be determined from the
eqns of equilibrium. Show that Ax = 0, Cy = 5M0/4L,
and Ay = M0/4L.
97
98
EXAMPLE 12.22
Determine the reactions on the beam shown. Due to
loading and poor construction, the roller support at B
settles 12 mm.
Take E = 200 GPa and I = 80(106) mm4.
103
104
0.012 m B 'B
768 EI
768 EI
EI
3
PL
'B
48 EI
By 8 m 3
48 EI
10.67 m3 B y
EI
105
0.012 200 10 80 10
6
640 10.67 By
B y 42.0 kN
106
M A 0;
Fy 0;
96 kN 2 m 42.0 kN 4 m C y 8 m 0
C y 3.00 kN
Ay 96 kN 42.0 kN 3.00 kN 0
Ay 51 kN
107
EXAMPLE 12.24
Determine the moment at B for beam shown. EI is
constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
108
EXAMPLE 12.24
Principle of superposition:
Since axial load if neglected, a there
is a vertical force and moment at A
and B. Since only two eqns of
equilibrium are available, problem is
indeterminate to the second degree.
Assume that By and MB are
redundant, so that by principle of
superposition, beam is represented
as a cantilever, loaded separately by
distributed load and reactions By and
MB, as shown.
109
EXAMPLE 12.24
Compatibility equations:
Referring to displacement and slope at B, we require
1
0 B 'B ' 'B
48 EI
48 EI
EI
7 wL4 7 9 kN/m 4 m 4 42
B
384 EI
384 EI
EI
110
EXAMPLE 12.24
Compatibility equations:
By 4 m
8By
PL
'B
2 EI
2 EI
EI
2
21.33B y
PL B y 4 m
'B
3EI
3EI
EI
ML M B 4 m 4 M B
' 'B
EI
EI
EI
3
ML2 M B 4 m 2 8M B
' 'B
2 EI
2 EI
EI
111
EXAMPLE 12.24
Compatibility equations:
Substituting these values into Eqns (1) and (2) and
canceling out the common factor EI, we have
0 12 8 B y 4 M B
0 42 21.33B y 8M B
CHAPTER REVIEW
The elastic curve represents the centerline
deflection of a beam or shaft.
Its shape can be determined using the moment
diagram.
Positive moments cause the elastic curve to
concave upwards and negative moments cause it
to concave downwards.
The radius of curvature at any pt is determined
from 1/ = M/EI.
Eqn of elastic curve and its slope can be obtained
by first finding the internal moment in the member
as a function of x.
113
CHAPTER REVIEW
If several loadings act on the member, then
separate moment functions must be determined
between each of the loadings.
Integrating these functions once using
EI(d2/dx2) = M(x) gives the eqn for the slope of the
elastic curve, and integrating again gives the eqn
for the deflection.
The constants of integration are determined from
the boundary conditions at the supports, or in
cases where several moment functions are
involved, continuity of slope and deflection at pts
where these functions join must be satisfied.
114
CHAPTER REVIEW
Discontinuity functions allow us to express the eqn
of elastic curve as a continuous function,
regardless of the no. of loadings on the member.
This method eliminates the need to use continuity
conditions, since the two constants of integration
can be determined solely from the two boundary
conditions.
The moment-area method if a semi-graphical
technique for finding the slope of tangents or the
vertical deviation of tangents at specific pts on the
elastic curve.
115
CHAPTER REVIEW
The moment-area method requires finding area
segments under the M/EI diagram, or the moment
of these segments about pts on the elastic curve.
The method works well for M/EI diagrams
composed of simple shapes, such as those
produced by concentrated forces and couple
moments.
The deflection or slope at a pt on a member
subjected to various types of loadings can be
determined by using the principle of superposition.
The table in the back of the book can be used for
this purpose.
116
CHAPTER REVIEW
Statically indeterminate beams and shafts have
more unknown support reactions than available
eqns of equilibrium.
To solve them such problems, we first identify the
redundant reactions, and the other unknown
reactions are written in terms of these redundants.
The method of integration or moment-area
theorems can be used to solve for the unknown
redundants.
We can also determine the redundants by using the
method of superposition, where we consider the
continuity of displacement at the redundant.
117
CHAPTER REVIEW
The displacement due to the external loading is
determined with the redundant removed, and again
with the redundant applied and external loading
removed.
The tables in Appendix C of this book can be used
to determine these necessary displacements.
118