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IS
TESTING
PRESENTED BY: JEREMIAH T. CARLOS
OUTLINE
Introduction and Significance
Hypothesis and Hypothesis Testing Defined
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis
Functions of the Hypothesis
Types of Hypotheses
Alpha and Beta
p-level
Type I and Type II Errors
Legal Analogy
Hypothesis Testing Flow Chart
References
HYPOTHESIS AND
HYPOTHESIS TESTING DEFINED
Hypothesis is
HYPOTHESIS AND
HYPOTHESIS TESTING DEFINED
Hypothesis Testing
is
CHARACTERISTICS OF
A GOOD HYPOTHESIS
Good Hypothesis
A
should
be
1. reasonable
2. stating in definite terms the relationship
between variables. (e.g. cause and effect,
correlation, measures of difference, etc.)
3. testable; and
4. following the findings of previous studies.
The
1.
2.
3.
Hypothesis
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
1.
Examples:
There
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
2.
H1 : 1 2 or H1 : 1 < 2 or H1 : 1 > 2
A.
B.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
3.
4.
TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
Source: Business Research Methods, 6th Ed., Cooper and Schindler, 1998
p-level
p the probability of making an error
No research is ever 100% error free, such that
the researcher sets the alpha () level, or the
acceptable level of error, prior to analyzing data.
Hence, if the probability of error (p) is less than
the accepted level of error (), then the research
is significant because p < .
Examples:
The results are significant (p<.05); or
The results are significant at the .05 level.
DECIS
ION
Null hypothesis is
true
Alternative
hypothesis
is true
Accept null
hypothesis
Correct decision
Wrong decision
Type II Error ()
Reject null
hypothesis
Wrong decision
Type I Error ()
Correct decision
LEGAL ANALOGY
Source: Business Research Methods, 6th Ed., Cooper and Schindler, 1998
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
FLOW CHART
Develop research hypothesis & null hypothesis
Develop research hypothesis & null hypothesis
Set alpha (usually .05)
Set alpha (usually .05)
Calculate power to determine the sample
Calculate power to determine the sample
size
size
Collect data & calculate statistic and p
Collect data & calculate statistic and p
P < .05
P < .05
P > .05
P > .05
REFERENCES
Cooper and Schindler. Business Research Methods. Sixth Edition.
Singapore: McGrawHill, 1998.
Heffner, Christopher. Statistics Primer: Hypothesis Testing. Heffner
Media Group, Inc., 2011. Web. 22 November 2013. <
http://allpsych.com/stats/unit4/22.html>.
Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology. Second Edition. New Delhi: Sage
Publications,
2005.
Masuda, Takahiko. Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing and Inferential
Statistics. University of Michigan, 2000. Web. 22 November 2013.
<
http://umich.edu/~psycours/381/masuda/381notes/ch8/index.htm>.
Sevilla, Ochave and others. An Introduction to Research Methods. First
Edition. Manila:
Rex Bookstore, 1988.
Siegrist, Kyle. Hypothesis Testing: Introduction. University of Alabama
Huntsville, 1997. Web. 22 November 2013.
<
http://www.math.uah.edu/stat/hypothesis/Introduction.html>.
White and McBurney. Research Methods. 9th International Edition.
END OF PRESENTATION.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.