SOLUTION

SOLUTE

SOLVENT

Mostly process of chemistry run away in the solution

Solution is homogeneous mixture
Solution can be solid-solid, solid-liquid, solidgaseous, liquid-solid, liquid-liquid, liquid-gaseous,
solid-gaseous, gaseous-gaseous
Composition of solution called concentration
The concentration of solution is amount of solute per
unit of solvent or solution

 The Concentration can be represented by:

-percentage (W,V); part per million (ppm);
-Molar (M): amount of mol of solute per volume of
solution (liter)
-Molal (m): amount of mol of solute per 1000 gram of
solvent
-Mol fraction: amount of mol of solute per amount of
mol of solute + mol of solvent
-Normal: amount of equivalent of solute per volume
of solution (liter)
How relation mol and equivalent of substances?
We have 2 relation: acid-base; reduction-oxidation

 Acid-bases equivalent
1 eq ~ 1 mol of H+ or 1 mol of OHHow about 1 mol HCl
=
eq
1 mol Ba(OH)2 =
eq
1 eq H2SO4 =
mol
1 mol NaCl
=
eq
1 eq Na2CO3
=
mol
Reduction-oxidation equivalent
1 eq ~ 1mol of electron
How about 1 mol Cl2 =
eq (Cl- Cl2)
1 mol SO4-2 =
eq (SO4-2 SO2)
1 eq Mn+2 =
mol (MnO2 Mn+2)
1 eq ClO3- =
mol (ClO3- Cl-)

IDEAL SOLUTIONS
The ideal solutions has property precise in between
its solute and its solvent, but really there are no
solution like that
The model of solution like that called ideal solutions
In the ideal solutions, i = o + RT ln Xi
i = potential chemistry of i in the solution
o = potential chemistry of pure solvent
R = constant
T = Temperature
Xi = mol fraction of i in the solution
Raoults Law: The solution consist of liquids solute j
and solvent i, Pj = Xj.Pjo
Pi = Xi.Pio

NON IDEAL SOLUTIONS

(Real solutions)
There is deviation property of the real solutions from
the ideal solutions:
positive deviation (the property of solutions bigger
than of ideal solutions); ether carbon tetra
chloride
Negative deviation (the property of solutions lower
than of ideal solutions); acetone-chloroform

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLUTION

Colligare collective influence
There are 4 colligative properties of solutions:
- Vapour pressures of solutions
- Boiling-point elevation
- Melting-point depression
- Osmotic pressure
Colligative properties of non electrolyte solution
- Pj = Xj.Pj
j = solvent
- P = Xi.Pj
i = solute
- Tb = mi.Kb
- Tf = mi.Kf
- = CRT

 Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions

Comparing with non electrolyte solutions, the
electrolyte solution have more particles
Amount particles of the electrolyte solution equal
1 + (n-1) amount particles of the non electrolyte
solution
- P = Xi.Pj {1 + (n-1)}
- Tb = mi.Kb {1 + (n-1)}
- Tf = mi.Kf {1 + (n-1)}
- = CRT {1 + (n-1)}

THE IONIZATION OF WATER AND THE pH CONCEPT

Water is very weak electrolyte, the reaction is
H2O + H2O = H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)
the chemical equation become:
H2O = H+ + OHKw= (H+).(OH-)
Kw = 10-14
In pure water T=25oC (H+) = (OH-) = 10-7
pH concept

p mean -log
pH = - log(H+)
pOH = -log(OH-)
pKw = -log Kw
pKa = -log Ka
pKb = -log Kb
If the (H+) = (OH-) the solution is neutral
(H+) > (OH-) the solution is acid
(H+) < (OH-) the solution is base

Strong Acid and Strong Base

HX H+ + X- (1) pH = -log(H+)
LOH L+ + OH- (1) pOH = -log(OH-)
What is th pH of HCl (aq) 0,001M?
What is the oH of HCl (aq) 10-8M?
What the pH of HY (aq) 0,1 M, if the is 0,8?

Weak Acid and Weak Base

HA
H+ + A- (<<1) (H+) = [Ka.(HA)]0,5
BOH
B+ + OH- (<<1) (OH-) = [Kb.(BOH)]0,5
What is the pH of CH3COOH(aq) 0,1M (Ka= 10-5)
What is the pH of NH4OH(aq) 0,1M (Kb=1,8.10-5)

HYDROLYSIS
Hydrolysis is the reaction of salt with water
become its weak acid or weak base
Salt (strong acid and strong base) no hydrolysis
For expl: NaCl, KI, Ba(NO3)2 etc

Salt (strong acid and weak base) basis

hydrolysis
For expl: NH4Cl, C6H5NH2 etc

Salt (weak acid and strong base) acid hydrolysis

For expl: KCN, Na.Asetat, etc
Salt (weak acid and weak base) total hydrolysis
For expl: NH4CN, C6H5NHOOCCH3

BUFFER
Buffers solution resist significant change the pH
Buffers solution can be found for a weak acid and its
base conjugation solution (namely buffer acid); or
from a weak base and its acid conjugation solution
(namely buffer base)
For expl: Buffer acid (CH3COOH + CH3COO-)

Buffer base (NH4OH + NH4+)

(H+) = (acid)/(base conjugation). Ka
(OH-) = (base)/(acid conjugation). Kb
Effectively of buffers solution can be done from
(acid)/(base conjugation) or (base)/(acid conjugation)
between 0,1 to 1,0

 ACID-BASE TITRATION
Equivalence point
The end of titration point
ACID-BASE INDOCATORS
The range of pH in difference color
SOLUBILITY AND
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT (Ksp)
The solubility in moles of solute per dm3 of saturated
solution is called the molar solubility
AmBn(s) + H2O = mA+n(aq) + B-m(aq)
Ksp AmBn = (A+n)m.(B-m)n

Relation of solubility (l) and Ksp

Solubility of AmBn = (Ksp AmBn/mmnn).exp mmnn
How to know the precipitation?
For the AmBn
If the (A+n)m.(B-m)n = Ksp AmBn saturated solution
(A+n)m.(B-m)n < Ksp AmBn diluted solution
(A+n)m.(B-m)n > Ksp AmBn precipated AmBn

Complex ions and Solubility

A Complexing agent is a substance that can for a complex with
a metal ion (e.g NH3)
AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) = Ag(NH3)2+(aq) + Cl-(aq) ..Kc?
Kc
Ksp
Kform
Kc = Ksp.Kform