3 Design of RF and Microwave Filters

2009
Design of
RF and Microwave Filters
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction ; types of Filters

Characterization of Filters
Approximate Design Methods
Lowpass Prototype Network
Impedance Scaling and
Frequency Mapping
6. Immittance Inverters
Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.
1. Introduction
1.1 Types of Filters
A. Lowpass Filters
B. Highpass Filters
attenuation
attenuation
transition
band
passband
stopband
passband
freq
c ; cutoff
freq
cutoff
C. Bandpass Filters
atten
transition
band
stopband
D. Bandstop Filters
atten
transition
band
transition
band
stopband
passband
f1
stopband
f2
passband
freq
transition
band
transition
band
stopband
f1
passband
f2
freq
2. Filter Characterization(1)
Two-port Network ;
Input
H( )
Output
Fig. 1 Two-port Network
H ( ) H ( ) e j ( )
Characteristics of ideal bandpass filters ;
1
H ( )
0
1
f1 f f 2
for
for f f 1 , f f 2
and ( ) d
lH( )l
Fig. 2 Characteristics of
ideal bandpass filter
( )
Freq.
not realizable
approximation required
Practical specifications ;
1) Passband
; lower cutoff frequency f - upper cutoff frequency f
1
2
2) Insertion loss : 20 log H() (dB)
; must be as small as possible
3) Return Loss : 20 log (dB)
; degree of impedance matching
4) Ripple
; variation of insertion loss within the passband
5) Group delay
d
d ()
d
; time to required to pass the filter

6) Skirt frequency characteristics
; depends on the system specifications
7) Power handling capability
3. Approximate Design Methods

1) based on Amplitude characteristics
A. Image parameter method
B. Insertion loss method
a) J-K inverters
b) Unit element - Kuroda identity
2) based on Linear Phase characteristics
3.1 Filter design(the insertion loss method)

Definition of Power Loss Ratio (PLR)
; impedance matching as well as frequency selectivity
P
P
in
[S ij ]
refl
trans
Fig. 3 General filter network
Prefl Pin S11 Pin

Ptrans T Pin S 21 Pin
PLR
Pin
1
N ( )
Ptran 1 2
D( )
network synthesis
procedures are required
3.1 Filter Design(2)

Approximation methods :
1) Maximally Flat (Butterworth) response
2) Chebyshev response
3) Elliptic Function response
10
3.2 Approximation Methods

A. Maximally flat response
PLR
2
1 k
c
2N
Where, k 2 ; passband tolerance

N ; order of filter
Usually k 2 1
degree of freedom=1 (order
N)
Fig. 4 Comparison Between Maximally
Flat and Chebyshev response
11
3.2 Approximation Methods(2)

B. Chebyshev response
: equal ripple response in the passband
PLR

1 k T
0
2
TN
2
N
: Chebyshev Polynomial of order
T1 ( x) x, T2 2 x 2 1, T3 ( x) 4 x 3 3 x
Tn ( x) 2 xTn 1 ( x) Tn 2 ( x)
12

2
k
N
; ripple (0.01 dB, 0.1 dB, etc.)

; order of filter
degree of freedom=2 (ripple and order)
P
attenuation
LR
1+ k 2
-1
0
Chebyshev Response, N=4
Elliptic function response N=5
Fig. 5 Chebyshev and Elliptic Function response

13

C. Elliptic Function response
equal ripple passband in both passband and
stopband
s : stopband minimum attenuation
: transmission zero at stopband
degree of freedom=3 (order N, ripple,

transmission zero at stopband s )
14
4. Lowpass Prototype Filter

RL g 0 1 , c 1 rad / s ; normalized to 1
R
gN
...
g6
g4
g5
g2
g1
g3
g 0 =1
...
a'
R
...
g
g4
g 0 =1
...
a'
Fig. 5 Lowpass prototype

15
4. Lowpass Prototype Filter(2)

Maximally Flat response ;
PLR 1 2 N R L g 0 1
g i 2 sin
2i 1
, i 1, 2, , N ( H , F )
2N
Equal Ripple response ;

1
N odd
2k 2 1 2k 1 k 2
N even
PLR 1 k T ( ) RL g 0
2
2
N
4ai 1 ai
2i 1
2
gi
, ai sin
, bi sinh
, ln
bi 1 g i 1
2N
2N
1 k 2 1
1 k 2 1
16
4. Lowpass Prototype Filter(3)
Type
Butterworth
0.1 dB ripple
Chebyshev
0.5 dB ripple
Chebyshev
0.6180
1.1468
1.7058
1.6180
1.3712
1.2296
2.0000
1.9750
2.5408
1.6180
1.3712
1.2296
0.6180
1.1468
1.7058
Element No
Table1. Element values for Butterworth and chebyshev filters
17
5. Impedance and freq. mapping

5.1 Impedance Scaling
RL 1 RL 50
Impedance level 50
; same reflection coefficient maintained
series branch(impedance) elements ;
jg i j 50g i g i 50 g i
shunt branch(admittance) elements ;
jg r jg r / 50 g r g r / 50
18
5. Impedance and freq. mapping(2)

5.2 Frequency Expansion
cutoff frequency 1 lowpass cutoff frequency
mapping function ;
f ( ) c
series and shunt branch elements ;
jg i j c g i
gi
c g i
19

P
LR
-1
'
-c
(a) Lowpass Prototype response
(c) Lowpass to Highpass transformation
(b) Frequency expansion
-c
LR
LR
-0
2
LR
(d) Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation
Fig. 6 Various mapping relations derived from lowpass prototype network

20

5.3 Lowpass to Highpass transformation
(lowpass cutoff freq. 1 highpass cutoff freq. c )
mapping function ; f ( ) c /
series branch(impedance) elements ;
jg i j ( c / ) g i
gi
1 /( c g i )
shunt branch(admittance) elements ;

jg r j ( c / ) g r
R
...
g 5'
1 /( c g r )
g 3'
g 4'
gN'
gr
g 1'
g 2'
R L =1
...
Fig. 7 Highpass filter derived from lowpass prototype
21

5.4 Lowpass to bandpass transformation
(low cutoff freq. 1 , high cutoff freq. 2 )
0 0
mapping function ; f ( )
2 1 0
' 0 0
' 1 1 , 2
0 1 2 and 2 1
22

series branch element : impedance
0 0
gi
g i 02
1
; g i j
jg1 jg i
jLs
0
j
j C s
shunt branch element : admittance

0 0
g r 02
gr
1
; g r j
jg r jg r
jC p
0
j
jL p
R
...
L
R L =1
...
Fig. 8 Bandpass filter derived from the lowpass prototype
23

Example : Design a bandpass filter having a 0.5dB
equal-ripple response, with N=3. The f0 is 1GHz,
bandwidth is 10%, and the input and output
impedance 50.
step 1 : from the element values of lowpass prtotype

(0.5dB ripple Chebyshev)
g1 1.5963, g2 1.0967, g3 1.5963, g4 1.0000
step 2 : apply impedance scaling

L1 g1 Z0 1.5963 50 79.815 H, C2 g2 / Z0 0.022 F ,
L1 g3 Z0 79.815 H
24
step 3 : apply bandpass transformation

L1 ' L1 / 0 127 nH L3 ' , C1 ' / 0 L1 0.199 pF C3 '
L2 ' / 0C2 0.726 nH,
C2 ' C2 / 0 34.91 pF
(2 1 ) / 0
25

5.5 Lowpass to bandstop transformation
(low cutoff freq.1 , high cutoff freq. 2
2 1 0
mapping function ; f ( )
0 0
inverse of bandpass mapping function
' 0 0
' 1 1 , 2
0 1 2 and 2 1
26

series branch element : admittance
0
jg1 jg i
0 0
-1
gi
g i 02
1
; g i j
j C s
j
j L s
shunt branch element : impedance

0
jg r jg r
0 0
R
L
C
...
...
g r 02
gr
1
; g r j
j L p
j
j C p
L
-1
L
4
L
C
R L =1
Fig. 9 Bandstop network derived from the lowpass prototype

27

5.6 Immitance Inverters
Z in (or Y
in
K(or J)
immittance
inverter
Z L (or Y
Fig. 10 Immitance inverter
K ; impedance inverter Z K 2 / Z
in
L
J ; admittance inverter Yin J 2 / YL
ex. simplest form of inverter : /4 transformer
series LC J-inverter + shunt LC
shunt LC K-inverter + series LC
28

5.7 Bandpass filters using J-, K-inverters
g
Z in ( ) or
low
Lossless
Lowpass
Network
n+1
Z in ' ( ) or
band
Lossless
Bandpass
Network
n+1
Fig. 11 Equivalent Network for lowpass prototype and bandpass network
Reflection coefficient
lowpass :
bandpass :
If
Z in ( ' ) / g 0
Z in ( ' ) / g 0
Z ( ) / R0
in
Z in ( ) / R0
Low
Band
1
1
1
1
Z in ( ' ) / g 0 Z in ( ) / R0 Low ( ' ) Band ( )
(mapping relation)
29

R
Z in ( '
)
...
g
n-
...
n+1
a'
R
Z in ( )
01
K 12L
...
n,n+1
n+1
...
Fig. 12 Lowpass network and bandpass network
30

From the partial fraction expansion including
bandpass mapping relation
R0W 0 L1
0 Li Li 1
, K i ,i 1 W
, K n ,n 1
g 0 g1
g i g i 1
2
K 01
W : fractional bandwidth,
Rn 1W 0 Ln
g n g n 1
0: center freq.
In the same manner, J-inverter values are derived as

G0W 0 C1
0 C i C i 1
, J i ,i 1 W
, J n ,n 1
g 0 g1
g i g i 1
2
J 01
Gn 1W 0 C n
g n g n 1
31

Typical immittance inverters ;
-C
-C
-L
-L
K 1 / C
K L
X=negative
=positive
X=positive
=negative
Fig. 13 Impedance(K-) inverters

32

C
-C
-C
-L
-L
J C
/2
Y
J 1 / L
/2
B=positive
0
=negative
/2
/2
B=negative
0
=positive
Fig. 14 Admittance(J-) inverters

33
6. LC filters, Distributed filters

6.1 LC filters
A. C-coupled bandpass filters
Y
...
J 01
J 12 L
J n,n+1
...
Fig. 14 Bandpass filter network using ideal J-inverters
Y
C
0
12
...
J 01
-C
12
Ln
J n,n+1
...
J-inverter
Fig. 15 Bandpass filter network containing practical inverters

34
6. LC filters, Distributed filters(2)

Y
C 1 -C a '
J 01
in1
C a'
L1
C
Y
in2
01
Fig. 16 Inverter of first and last stages

2
Yin1
J
01 jC a '
Ya
Yin 2
2 C 01 / Ya
jC 01
1
1 / Ya 1 / jC 01 1 C 01 / Ya 2 1 C 01 / Ya 2
2
By equating the real and imaginary part of Yin1
and Yin 2
C a ' C 01 , J 01 C 01 if C 01 Ya
35

C
Z
C
L
p1
p1
......
C
p2
p2
n+1
pn
Fig.17 C-coupled
Bandpass filter
pn
B. L-coupled bandpass filter

L
Z
p1
p1
p2
......
C
p2
pn
pn
n+1
Fig.18 L-coupled
Bandpass filter
36
Design a LC bandpass filter. The f0 is 2.8 GHz,

bandwidth is 500 MHz, and the input and output
impedance 50.
step 1 : from the element values of lowpass

prototype
step 2 : apply impedance scaling
step 3 : apply bandpass transformation using

J-inverters
Step 4 : simulation
37

Simulated results:
38
0.5 pF
1 pF
5 pF
2.7 nH chip
0.5 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
1 pF
1 pF
1.5 pF
0.5 pF
2.7 nH chip
0.5 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
1 pF
1 pF
1.5 pF
0.5 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
2.7 nH chip
2.7 nH chip
6.8 nH air-coil
1 pF
0.5 pF
Step 5 : Realization
5 pF
Insertion loss < 3.1 dB

Retrun loss > 15.5 dB
Attenuation @ 3.3 GHz : 15 dB
39
L-coupling
LC filter
0.5 pF
2.7 nH chip
1.5 pF
1 pF
1 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
6.8 nH air-coil
9.5 nH air-coil
6.8 nH air-coil
1 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
0.5 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
0.5 pF
9.5 nH air-coil
20 pF
C-coupling
LC filter
2.7 nH chip
0.5 pF
6.8 nH air-coil
0.5 pF
0.5 pF
1.5 pF
2.7 nH chip
1 pF
1 pF
Step 6. improvement
6.8 nH air-coil
40
Measured results
27 dB
41
6.2 Distributed filters

At microwave frequencies :
Resonators made of Lumped elements are
lossy(low Q) or bulky Distributed Resonators
Distributed resonators ; quarter-wavelength or
half-wavelength transmission lines such as
microstrip lines, coaxial lines and waveguides
42
A. Combline filters
: cellular base stations as well as portable phone
Fig. 19 (a) Top view of

Combline Filter
Fig. 19 (b) Side view of

Combline Filter
43
Instead of lumped element inductors distributed

inductors (L < /4) are used.
(Y
In
Fig. 20 Coupled line
oe
oe
oe
-Y
oo
)/2
Out
Fig. 21 Equivalent circuit of Fig.20
Overall equivalent circuit :

L
c1
C
L
c1
c2
C
L
c3
c2
C
c4
c3
c5
Fig. 22 Equivalent circuit

of Fig. 19
44

3 Design of RF and Microwave Filters

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3 Design of RF and Microwave Filters

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

2009

Introduction ; types of Filters

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

Fig. 1 Two-port Network

; time to required to pass the filter

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

3. Approximate Design Methods

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

3.1 Filter design(the insertion loss method)

Fig. 3 General filter network

Prefl Pin S11 Pin

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

3.1 Filter Design(2)

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

3.2 Approximation Methods

Where, k 2 ; passband tolerance

3.2 Approximation Methods(2)

: equal ripple response in the passband

: Chebyshev Polynomial of order

3.2 Approximation Methods(3)

; ripple (0.01 dB, 0.1 dB, etc.)

Elliptic function response N=5

Fig. 5 Chebyshev and Elliptic Function response

3.2 Approximation Methods(4)

s : stopband minimum attenuation

: transmission zero at stopband

degree of freedom=3 (order N, ripple,

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

4. Lowpass Prototype Filter

Fig. 5 Lowpass prototype

4. Lowpass Prototype Filter(2)

Equal Ripple response ;

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

4. Lowpass Prototype Filter(3)

Table1. Element values for Butterworth and chebyshev filters

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

5. Impedance and freq. mapping

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(2)

series and shunt branch elements ;

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(3)

(a) Lowpass Prototype response

(c) Lowpass to Highpass transformation

(b) Frequency expansion

(d) Lowpass to Bandpass Transformation

Fig. 6 Various mapping relations derived from lowpass prototype network

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(4)

shunt branch(admittance) elements ;

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(5)

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(6)

shunt branch element : admittance

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(7)

step 1 : from the element values of lowpass prtotype

step 2 : apply impedance scaling

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(8)

step 3 : apply bandpass transformation

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.

5. Impedance and freq. mapping(9)

inverse of bandpass mapping function

Microwave & Millimeter-wave Lab.