Signals and Systems

Spring 2003
Lecture #10
Jacob White
(Slides thanks to A. Willsky, T. Weiss,
Q. Hu, and D. Boning)

“Figures and images used in these lecture notes by permission,

copyright 1997 by Alan V. Oppenheim and Alan S. Willsky”

1
 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

• The DT Fourier Transform

• Examples of the DT Fourier Transform
• Properties of the DT Fourier Transform
• The Convolution Property and its
Implications and Uses

2
The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform

3
4
 DTFT Derivation (Continued)

DTFS synthesis eq.

DTFS analysis eq.

Define

5
DTFT Derivation (Home Stretch)

6
DT Fourier Transform Equations

– Analysis Equation
– DTFT

– Synthesis Equation
– Inverse DTFT

7
8
 Transform Requirements
• Synthesis Equation:
– Finite Integration Interval, X must be finite
• Analysis Equation:
– Need conditions analogous to CTFT, e.g.

— Finite energy

— Absolutely summable

9
 Examples
Unit Samples

10
Decaying Exponential

Infinite sum formula

11
12
Rectangular Pulse

FIR LPF

13
Ideal DT LPF

14
 DTFTs of Periodic Functions
Complex Exponentials
Recall CT result:

What about DT:

a) We expect an impulse (of area 2π ) at ω = ω o
b) But X(ejω ) must be periodic with period 2π
In fact

Note: The integration in the synthesis equation is over 2π period,

only need X(ejω ) in one 2π period. Thus,

15
16
DTFT of General Periodic Functions Using FS

FS

by
superposition

17
DTFT of Sine Function

18
 DTFT of DT Unit Sample Train

— Also periodic impulse train – in the frequency domain!

19
20
Properties of the DT Fourier Transform
Periodicity and Linearity

— Different from CTFT

21
 Time and Frequency Shifting

— Important implications in DT because of periodicity

Example

22
Time Reversal and Conjugate Symmetry

23
24
 Time Expansion
7) Time Expansion Time scale in CT is
Recall CT property: infinitely fine
But in DT: x[n/2] makes no sense
x[2n] misses odd values of x[n]
But we can “slow” a DT signal down by inserting zeros:
k — an integer ≥ 1
x(k)[n] — insert (k - 1) zeros between successive values

Insert two zeros

in this example

25
Time Expansion (continued)

— Stretched by a factor
of k in time domain

— compressed by a factor
of k in frequency domain

26
 Differentiation and Parsevals
8) Differentiation in Frequency

Multiplication Differentiation
by n in frequency
9) Parseval’s Relation

Total energy in Total energy in

time domain frequency domain

27
28
The Convolution Property

29
Ideal Low Pass Filter

(Reminder)

30
Composing Filters Using DTFT

31
 Conclusions
• DTFT maps from discrete-time function to
continuous frequency function.
• DTFT is 2pi periodic.
• Many similar properties to CTFT (linearity, time-
frequency shifting) with small differences
• Convolution in Time, Multiplication in Fourier and
vice-versa.
• Fourier picture makes filters easy to manipulate

32