Uji kekerasan dan uji impak

Uji kekerasan
Secara umum kekerasan (hardness) didefinisikan
sebagai ketahanan terhadap deformasi.
Pada logam didefinisikan sebagai ketahanan terhadap
deformasi plastis.
Ada 3 jenis pengujian kekerasan :
Scratch hardness.
Identation hardness.
Rebound (dynamic) hardness.

Hardness of Materials
Hardness test - Measures the resistance of a material to
penetration by a sharp object.
Macrohardness - Overall bulk hardness of materials
measured using loads >2 N.
Microhardness Hardness of materials typically measured
using loads less than 2 N using such test as Knoop
(HK).
Nano-hardness - Hardness of materials measured at 1
10 nm length scale using extremely small (~100 N)
forces.

 The hardness test measures the resistance to

penetration of the surface of a material by a hard
object
Many techniques have been used historically to
determine hardness. The tests focused on here
static indentation hardness test methods are
widely used because of the ease of use and
repeatability of the technique.

Standard Static Indentation

Hardness Tests

Common Applications and Nomenclature for

Hardness Tests

PRINCIPLES OF THE METHOD

The basis of static indentation tests is that an indenter is
forced into the surface of the material being tested for a
set duration. When the force is applied to the test piece
through contact with the indenter, the test piece will yield.
After the force is removed, some plastic recovery in the
direction opposite to the initial flow is expected, but over
a smaller volume. Because the plastic recovery is not
complete, biaxial residual stresses remain in planes
parallel to the free surface after the force is removed.
The hardness value is calculated by the amount of
permanent deformation or plastic flow of the material
observed relative to the test force applied. The
deformation is quantified by the area or the depth of the
indentation.

Brinell Hardness Test

In the Brinell hardness test, the indentor is a
hard steel sphere (usually 10 mm in diameter)
that is forced into the surface of the material.
The Brinell hardness value is calculated by
dividing the test force by the surface area of the
indentation. The test parameters taken into
account are the test force and ball diameter
while the indentation diameter is measured.

Brinell Hardness Test

Brinell hardness number (abbreviated as HB or
BHN) is calculated from the following equation:

where F is the applied load in kilograms, D is the

diameter of the indentor in millimeters, and Di is the
diameter of the impression in millimeters. The Brinell
hardness has the units of stress (e.g., kg/mm2).

Rockwell Hardness Test

The Rockwell hardness test uses a small-diameter steel
ball for soft materials and a diamond cone, or Brale, for
harder materials. The depth of penetration of the indentor
is automatically measured by the testing machine and
converted to a Rockwell hardness number: hardness
Rockwell (HR).
Optical measurement of the indention dimensions is not
needed, the Rockwell test tends to be more popular than
the Brinell test.
Several variations of the Rockwell test are used (see :
Common Applications and Nomenclature for Hardness Te
sts
).
A Rockwell C (HRC) test is used for hard steels, whereas
a Rockwell F (HRF) test might be selected for aluminum.
Rockwell tests provide a hardness number that has no
units.

(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

Indentors for the Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests

The Vickers Test

A diamond square-based pyramid of 136 angle is used
as the indenter, which gives geometrically similar
impressions under differing loads (which may range from
5 to 120 kg). A square indent is thus produced, and the
user measures the average diagonal length and again
reads the hardness number (HV) from the tables. The
Brinell and Vickers hardness values are identical up to a
hardness of about 300 kgf /mm 2 , but distortion of the
steel ball occurs in Brinell tests on hard materials, so that
the test is not reliable above values of 600 kgf/mm 2.

The Vickers Test

The Knoop Test

The Knoop test uses a diamond pyramidal indenter of
apex angles 130 and 172.5.
The Knoop Hardness Number (KHN, in kgf/mm 2) is given
by the relation:

UJI IMPAK
Impact test : measures the total energy absorbed during
specimen fracture.
The standard specimen is hit by a pendulum at the
opposite side of the notch and the energy required to
break open is measured.

IMPACT TEST
The standard Charpy specimen is hit by a pendulum at
the opposite side of the notch and the energy required to
break open is measured.
Standard specimen size is 10x10x55 mm3 with a V notch
of 2 mm deep, 45o angle and 0.25 mm root radius.

Notch bar impact test

Notches caused by poor machining, fabrication, or
design concentrate stresses and reduce the toughness
of materials. The notch sensitivity of a material can be
evaluated by comparing the absorbed energies of
notched versus unnotched specimens.
Notched bar test specimens are used in different sizes
and designs.
The Charpy impact specimen is the most widely used.
The parameter (energy absorption) obtained are not
readily expressed in terms of stress level, so it is difficult
for design.
Can use the test result to indicate how brittle the
materials are.

Ductile to Brittlle Transition Temperature Curve

One of the primary functions of Charpy and Izod tests is
to determine whether or not a material experiences a
ductile-to-brittle
transition
with
decreasing
temperature and, if so, the range of temperatures over
which it occurs. The ductile-to-brittle transition is related
to the temperature dependence of the measured impact
energy absorption.
The absorbed energy (Joule) is plotted against testing
temperature, giving a ductile to brittle transition
temperature curve (DBTT curve).
The curve represents a change in fracture behaviour
from ductile at high.

Ductile to Brittlle Transition Temperature Curve