ENGLISH FOR STUDENTS OF

PETROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
Ms. TRAN Van Ty
2015

LESSON 3 - INTRODUCTION
OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY PETROLEUMCRUDE OIL = BLACK GOLD
INDUSTRY
The petroleum industry began with the
successful drilling of the first oil well in
1859, and the opening of the first refinery
two years later to process the crude into
kerosene.

LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL

DEFINITION
Crude oil (petroleum) is a naturally occurring brown to
black flammable liquid.
Crude oil is a mixture of different sized hydrocarbons
the exact composition depends upon where the oil
comes from but typically it contains a lot of big
molecules.

LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL

DEFINITION
Crude oil is composed of the following groups:
1. Hydrocarbon compounds
2. Non-hydrocarbon compounds
3. Organometallic compound and inorganic salt (metallic
compound)

. small quantities of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen

derivatives as well as trace metals.
. The most common metal impurities: nickel, vanadium,
and sodium (other: copper, iron)

LESSON 3 CRUDE OIL

PROPERTIES
The true boiling point curve (TPB curve) shows
approximately the composition of anycrude oilsample.

LESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL

PROPERTIES
API Gravity

(API = American Petroleum Institute)

density
specific gravity

SULFUR CONTENT:
-SWEET: 0.1-0.5 wt.
%
-SEMI-SWEET: 0.50.8 wt. %

LESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL

PROPERTIES
API Gravity

LESSON 3 - CRUDE OIL

CLASSIFICATION

LESSON 3 OIL
DISTRIBUTION

LESSON 3 OIL
DISTRIBUTION

OPEC
organization of petroleum exporting countries

LESSON 3 OIL PRICE

The higher the
crude quality
the higher the
market price.
Light sweet
crudes carry a
price premium
relative to
medium and
heavy sour
crudes.

LESSON 3 OIL PRICE

USD/barrel
Barrel = 159 liters
Theprice of oil, or theoil price: spot priceof
abarrelofbenchmark crude oil.
-North America: West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
(TexasLightSweet
-WTI is a lightcrude oil, contains about 0.24% sulfur, rating it a
sweet crude.

LESSON 3 VALUE CHAIN

LESSON 3 VALUE CHAIN

LESSON 3 - INTRODUCTION
Oil refinery products list
Products

Cylinder of LPG Sample of

gasoline

Sample of
kerosene

Sample of
diesel fuel

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
Adjectives
One syllable
Three or more syllables
Two syllables

Comparative
forms
-er
more/less

Superlative
forms
-est
most/least

more/less

most/least

Participle adj
pleased, worried, boring
Adj ending in ful and less
careful, careless
afraid, alike, alert,
ashamed, alone, aware
caution, certain, complex,
confident, eager, exact,
normal, frequent, modern,
recent

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
Adjectives
Two syllables

Comparative
forms

Superlative
forms

-er or more/less

-est or
most/least

Other adj
Adj has a comparative or
superlative meaning
Complete, equal,
favourite, ideal, unique

NO

NO

To say that as one thing changes, another thing also

changes
Cng th cng
The er/more/less + adj + S + V, the er/more/less + adj +
S+V
The better the joke (is), the louder the laugh (is).
The longer Sue stays in Canada, the less likely she will ever

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
ENOUGH
Enough + NOUN
Ex. Is there enough bread?
Do you have enough money?
ADJ + enough
Ex. The house was comfortable enough but not luxurious.
We are not in a strong enough financial position to cut
taxes.
ADJ + NOUN
I havent got big enough nails for the job.
I havent got enough big nails for the job.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Comparison with adjectives
TOO + ADJ + TO
qu .
The beams are too weak to support the roof.
She was too ashamed to admit her mistake.
If we need to mention the things or people involved, we do
this with for.
The garage was just about big enough for two cars to fit in.
The suitcase was too small (for him) to get all his clothes
in.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Exercises
Complete the sentences with an appropriate comparative
or superlative form of the given adjective.
1.I feel much (relaxed) now that the exams are over.
2.Our new car is a little (wide) than our old one, but still fits
easily into the garage.
3.Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people
now consider her to be the (forceful) figure in British politics.
4.Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the (common) cause of
death among sea birds.
5.Its has been the (hot) day in London for 35 years.
6.The alkenes are (chemically reactive) than the alkanes.
7. The (soon) you start studying for your English examination,
the (good) for you.
8. The (efficient) machines we have, the (few) workers are
required.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Exercises
Complete the sentences with an appropriate comparative
or superlative adjective.
1.I feel much (relaxed) now that the exams are over.
I feel much more relaxed now that the exams are over.
2. Our new car is a little (wide) than our old one, but still fits
easily into the garage.
.Our new car is a little wider than our old one, but still fits easily
into the garage.
3. Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people
now consider her to be the (forceful) figure in British politics.
Her latest speech was strong and confident, and some people
now consider her to be the most forceful figure in British politics.
4. Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the (common) cause
of death among sea birds.
Scientists claim that oil pollution is now the most common cause
of death among sea birds.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Exercises
Complete the sentences with an appropriate comparative
or superlative adjective.
5. Its has been the (hot) day in London for 35 years.
Its has been the hottest day in London for 35 years.
6. The alkenes are (chemically reactive) than the alkanes.
The alkenes are more chemically reactive than the alkanes.
7. The (soon) you start studying for your English examination,
the (good) for you.
The sooner you start studying for your English examination, the
better for you.
8. The (efficient) machines we have, the (few) workers are
required.
The more efficient machines we have, the fewer workers are
required.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR
Exercises
Translate into English
1. Bn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng.
2. Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy.
3. Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo
lng.
4. Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta
nh.
5. ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.
6. Gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du
c tr lng nh c li v mt kinh t.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR

Exercises

Translate into English

1. Bn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng.
Learn languages/ soon young/ easily
2. Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy.
Temperature/ high/ substance/ readily/ decompose
3. Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo lng.
problem/ important/ enough/ cause make/ worry concern.
4. Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta nh
gas leak/ serious/ enough/ police/ evacuate/ building.
5. ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.
grandfather/ think/ old/ learn.
6. Hin ti gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du c
tr lng nh c hiu qu v mt kinh t.
Currently/ oil price/ low/ production/ oil deposit/ reserves/ small/
efficient/ economically.

LESSON 2 GRAMMAR

Exercises

Translate into English

1. Bn hc ngn ng cng sm th cng d dng.
The younger you start learning languages, the more easily you
learn.
2. Nhit cng cao th vt cht cng sn sng phn hy.
The higher the temperature, the more readily the substance will
decompose.
3. Vn ny khng quan trng lm chng ta lo lng.
This problem isnt important enough to cause us concern.
4. Vic r r kh nghim trng cnh st s tn ta nh.
The gas leak was serious enough for the police to evacuate the
building.
5. ng ti ngh rng ng qu gi hc.
My grandfacther thinks he is too old to learn.
6. Hin ti gi du m qu thp cho vic khai thc cc m du c