METHODS AND STRATEGIES OF

TEACHING
An overview

BY
JERIN C ISSAC
M.Ed Pondicherry University

INTRODUCTION
The biggest challenge before a teacher is the

presentation of a lesson.
If this presentation is effective, students can
reach the goals of life by acquisition of
knowledge and if the teacher is unsuccessful
in his presentation, it is impossible to reach
the educational objectives.

METHOD OF TEACHING

Method of teaching is

directly related to the

presentation of the lesson.
Which a teacher should
use, depends on the nature
of the subject, and the
tact of the teacher .

METHOD OF TEACHING
There are four methods of presenting the
subject matter.
1. TELLING METHOD; Lecture method,
Discussion method, Story telling method and
so on.
2 .DOING METHOD; Project method, Problem
solving method, Textbook method and so on.
3 .VISUAL METHOD; Demonstration method,
Supervised study method and so on.
4 .MENTAL MEHOD; Inductive, Deductive,
Analysis, Synthesis method etc.

STRATEGIES OF TEACHING
STRATEGY: - Strategy is the art and science
of directing and controlling the movements
and activities of the army. If strategy is good,
we can get victory over our enemies. In
teaching this term is meant those procedures
and methods by which objectives of teaching
are realized in the class.

Definition
Stone and Morris have defined teaching

strategy in the following words;

Teaching strategy is a generalized plan for a
lesson which includes structure, instructional
objectives and an outline of planned tactics,
necessary to implement the strategies.

Strategy can be summarized as

Teaching is the generalized plan of the whole lesson plan.
It consists of structure of teaching, objectives of teaching

and techniques of evaluation of teaching.

In strategy of teaching, realization of objectives is given

more importance than presentation of lesson.

A strategy does not follow a single track all the time, but it

changes according to the demands of the situations such

as age, level, needs, interests and abilities of the students.
Thus strategy is more comprehensive than method.
It is directional in nature. It refers to goal directed activities

of the teachers. Thus, it is more close to science than arts.

TACTICS OF TEACHING
It is that procedure by which new knowledge

fixed in the minds of students permanently. For

this purpose, a teacher does extra activities in
the class.
These activities help the teacher to take shift

from one strategy to another. Thus, teaching

tactics are that behavior of the teacher which he
manifests in the class i.e., the developments of
the teaching strategies,giving proper stimulus
for timely responses, drilling the learnt
resposes,increasing the responses by extra
activities and so on.

TEACHING METHOD

TEACHING
STRATEGY
When we try to achieve some

objectives by any method it becomes

strategies.
Strategy is actually a combination of

different method.

It is limited to the presentation of subject

matter.

Methods come under strategy.

It is a micro approach.

Teaching as an art.

Effective presentation of subject matter.

Classical Theory of human organization.

Work is important.

For E.g. Lecture or textbook or question

answer method can be never be used

separately.
It is a macro approach.
It considers teaching as science.
Its purpose is to create conducive

learning environment.
It is based on modern theories of

organization.
(pre determined objectives, becomes

strategy)
Behavior of students and teachers and

their mutual relationship.

TYPES OF TEACHING STRATEGIES.

Selection of using strategies

depends on the nature of

organization of human activities.
Teaching strategies are divided
into two;
Autocratic
Democratic

AUTOCARTIC TEAHING STRATEGY

Teacher centered methods
Teacher exercise full control over student,

they are given least chance to act freely.

They can do what they are allowed to do.
Banking concept.

AUTOCRATIC METHODS
STORY TELLING METHOD

Tell the students real time stories, anecdotes

about great men, women, rulers, prophets,
saints to develop-qualities of truth, honesty,
perseverance, courage, co-operation or
creativity-identification of characters,
empathizes.

SUGGESTIONS
Story should be interesting
Natural sequence should be maintained.
Character should be elaborated to the

demanding situations.
Actions-Story should be full of actions.
Phrases and figures of speech should be used.
Story should be purposeful.

ADVANDAGES
Increase interests of the people.
Improves vocabulary.
Increase in Imaginative power.
Develop good qualities.
Lively environment.

APPLICATIONS
Used languages and social sciences

LECTURE METHOD

Traditional method
A teacher delivers a lecture on different point

on any topic in a serial order and asks several

questions.
Logical and sequential presentation of the
content.

SUGGESTIONS
Content should be systematized in a logical

and systematic manner.

Listeners should not find any gap
Language should be easy, clear and
understandable.
Question should be asked to the student in
between the lecture.
Material aids such as chart, graph, and picture
should be used.

SUGGESTIONS
Important points should be written on board.
Illustration should be given.
There should be sufficient flow in lecture,

avoid use of notes and books during lecture.

Lecture should not be too long, short lecture is
recommended.
Minimize seriousness and dullness by adding
humor.

ADVANTAGES
For introducing a new lesson
Cognitive and affective domains can be

developed.
More content can be presented.
Lays much stress on presentation thereby
developing ability of presentation in students also.
Concentration for a longer period of time

APPLICATION
All school subjects can be taught.

DEMONSTRATION
Teacher shows all the activities given in the lesson
to the students as an action and explains the
important points before them during demonstration.
The teacher follows three steps
Introduce the lesson by question answer or lecture
method.
Demonstrate each and every aspects of the lesson
and develops it through activities.
He make the student drill of the subject matter for
assimilation.
He ask evaluative question and the desired skill is
developed through imitation of the action.

SUGGESTIONS
1. Teacher should prepare well what and how he

has to demonstrate in the class

2. Students should be given enough chance to

remove their doubts after the demonstration

3. Afterwards the activity students should be asked

to repeat the demo.

4. Important point should be explained by short

lectures during the process of demonstration.

5. The demo. Process should be divided into many

phases and students should be evaluated after

every phase

ADVANTAGES
It is helpful in teaching skills in training

institutions.
Lower and middle level of objective cognitive and
psychomotor domains can be easily achieved
through this method.
Useful in teaching science subject in schools
Every practical work needs demonstration
Observation and thinking capacity of students can
be developed.
Senses of students can also be trained
APPLICATION
This method is applicable in teaching science

crafts arts and agriculture.

TUTORIAL METHOD
All class is divided in two different groups

of common features.
The division is made on the basis of
difficulty level of different subjects.
Every group is handed to different teachers
separately.
Here teachers find out the individual
problem of students and then he
individually guides them to remove this
problem.
If difficulty of whole group is similar, group

SUGGESTIONS
Students of same capacity or same

weakness should be kept in same group.

The behavior of teacher should be
unbiased at the time of guidance to ensure
equal chance of progress.
It should be done by experienced and
expert teachers.
Every student should be motivated to tell
his problems frankly so as to get the
benefits.

TYPES OF TUTORIAL TEACHINGS

SUPERVISED TUTORIAL TEACHING :- In this

methods, the bright students discusses their

problem with their teacher and weak students are
asked to do drill work after removing their
difficulties
This system is close to democratic.
GROUP TUTORIAL

:- In this method, the

teacher to remove the difficulties of average
students, this is needed when level of class room
teaching is low from the point of view of the
students

PRACTICAL TUTORIAL

: - In this system, the

ADVANTAGES
It is a type of remedial teaching.
Teacher can teach in the class keeping the individual

differences due to the small size of the class.

Absence of previous knowledge can be
compensated.
Every student gets the chance to express his
problem openly and individually.

APPLICATION
Teaching natural science and mathematics.


DEMOCRATIC TEACHING STRATEGIES

These strategies are child centered.

Interest, capacities, attitudes, needs of

learners are taken to account.

It develop affective and cognitive domain.
Maximum interaction between teachers
and students are seeing.
Both students and teachers are equally
active.
Purpose-all round development of learners.
Teachers works as helpers and guide

DISCUSSSION METHOD
It is an oral method like question and answer

method.
Maximum interaction between teachers and
students can be seen.
Discussion can be formal and informal. Formal
discussions are arranged for the purpose of
achieving predetermined objectives hence
rules are also predetermined.
Informal discussions are neither objective
oriented nor rules are predetermined.

DISCUSSSION METHOD (Cont.)

Teacher and students discuss in the class

whenever it becomes necessary.

In formal discussion, teacher divides the class
in to different groups and gives the topic of
the discussion to each group.
Every group has a leader to anchor and
conduct the discussion.
Leader raises new topics of discussion.
In the end, teacher draws the conclusion of
the discussion with the help of leaders.

SUGGESTIONS

Ensure maximum participation.

Students have the opportunity to criticize and

evaluate.
Logical and meaningful criticism should be accepted.
Students should anchor the discussion themselves.
Keeping teachers as guide.
Teacher selects the topic only with the help of
students.
Students who have leadership quality should be
selected for anchoring.
Relevant topic should only be considered.

Thinking and communicating powers can be

ADVANTAGES

developed.
Leadership quality can be developed.
Expression ability can be developed.
Problem solving ability can be developed.
Develop creative potentials of the students.
Attitudes and interest of students can be drown out
towards learning.
Higher level cognitive and affective objectives can be
realized through classs room discussion.
APPLICATION
All subject except mathematics, art, music, dance can be taught.

HEURISTIC METHOD

Literary means high discover

Students learns themselves
Teacher raises problematic situations before

the students.
He guides them from there will get materials
to the solutions of the problems.
Individual discovery of the solutions to the
problem by trial and error method.

PROCEDURES
Five steps involved in the methods are:(a) Presentation of the problem.
(b) Giving information about material and techniques

helpful in solving the problem.

(c) Hypothesis formulation by the students

themselves.

(d) Data collection for testing of the hypothesis.

(e) Testing the hypothesis-accepting the true hypothesis

and rejecting the falls hypothesis.

SUGGESTIONS
Teachers should help in formulating

hypothesis.
They should help in gathering the resources.
Doubts should be removed.
Students should be given chance to go further
on the basis of trial and error, theory of
learning.

ADVANTAGES
Knowledge through self study and self learning.
Learning through investigation an research.
There by developing scientific attitudes.
Increase self confidence of the students.
Motivates students to accept newer and newer

challenges.
Highest level of cognitive objectives can be
achieved.

APPLICATION
Useful in teaching mathematics and science.

DISCOVERY METHOD
Used in social science to clarify facts and concepts

unlike heuristic method used in science to

formulate or testify laws and principles.
Facts and concepts are explained in an objective
manner unlike heuristic method where subject
matter is comprehended subjectively.
Discovery is related to past events while heurism is
concerned with phenomena at present.
E.g. Courses of Aurangzebs failure in south India
is a discovery and Causes of law productivity of
agriculture lands in India is a heuristic method.

PROJECT METHOD
This method was propounded by W.H

Kilpatrick.
Pupil is assigned a project which has direct

utility for the students.

Students work on the project under the

guidance of the teacher.

Find out the solution of the problem based on

their experience.

 Student follows a collective approach in

project method unlike individual problem

solving as in Heuristic method.
The problem given in the form of project is

real while the problem of heurism may be real

as well as imaginary.
The approach of the project is productive,

here something useful is created. Unlike

heurism which is analytical.

TYPES OF PROJECT
Constructive project
Pupils work physically in or outside the class
like writing letters, essays on given topics,
preparing fields for games , playing drama etc.
Aesthetic project
Appreciation powers of students are
developed.
Presentation of music programmes, decorating
a hall, beautification of lawn etc.

Problematic project.
Students learn solutions of life- related problems

such as studying the effect of balance diet on health,

advantages of physical exercise on body fitness,
Causes of family disputes and their solution etc.
Drill project.

Working capabilities and automation of students are

increased.
Filling in the map, coloring the arts and pictures,
solving mathematical sums etc.

PRINCIPLES OF PROJECT
METOD
Principles of purpose
Principles of utility
Principles of freedom
Principles of activity
Principles of reality
Principles of prior planning

STEPS INVOLVED
1. Creating situation:- Teacher creating

situation in the class that student propose

themselves to work on the project .
High level of motivation is found in students.
Teacher tells them the method and procedure
of the project.
2. Selection of the project:- Six principles as

mentioned above are taken into consideration.

Teacher helps the student to select the project
on the basis of their interests.

3. Planning:- Teacher discusses various

points of the project with the students.

Students take part on discussion.
After discussion, teacher writes down the
whole programmmes of action step wise on
the black board. Grouping is also done.

4. Execution:- Students first upon select

relevant facts, information and material and

each groups works on the project separately
and complete it within time limit.
5. Evaluation:- When project gets

completed ,it is first criticized and evaluated

by the students themselves within the group
and when fully satisfied report to the teacher.
6. Rporting:- Students write each and every

steps of the project that is how they did. The

report may submit to the teacher.

ADVANTAGES
Based on principles of learning.
Law of readiness
Law of exercise
Law of effect
Related to real life situation- Students learn how to

solve real life problems in life.

Work experience-Students get real experience of
working by their projects and the learning which is
associated with doing is more stable and meaningful.
Inculcation of democratic values-They learn
coopration, tolerance, mutual acceptance.
A boon for weak students-It is a boon since students
work in group collectively.

ROLE PLAYING METHOD

Students are given a chance to play the role of

teacher.
It is a dramatic method.
Teacher teaches the topic and the students one by
one teaches the same topic to the class.
When he teaches all his classmates answer his
questions.
They not down the shortcoming of the student
teacher.
This teaching is later criticized and suggestions
for improvement are given.
Drama in literature is also thought to this method.
This method is usually adopted in training
colleges.

SUGGESTIONS
Subject teacher, he is advice to be present in the class

at the time of role play.

He should be there in the class at the time of criticism.
The topic of teaching for the purpose of role playing

should same for all for comparison.

All the observers should note down the short comings

of all teachers selected for the purpose.

Discussion based on memory and recall is

recommended.

ADVANTAGES
Repeated teaching of the same topic

increases learning.
Practice makes a man perfect and a critical
observation make man alert.
It increases social skills of students
Students learn the methods of analysis,
synthesis and evaluation.
Develop critical power of the students.
Remove their own mistakes through imitation.

BRAIN STORMING
The basic assumption of this method of teaching is that a

group of pupils can give more ideas than a single person.

Problem can be analyses and evaluating more

comprehensively.
A problem is given to students and there asked to put

forward their views on this problem one by one.

Thus many views regarding the nature of the problem, its

causes and its possible solutions come to light.

Conclusion is drawn after evaluating these jumbled ideas.

SUGGESITONS
This method being problem centered, it

should be meaningful and related to real life

situation.
All views of students are welcome and
relevant views should be isolated from them
later on.
The views of students will be either written or
typed.

MERITS
Cognitive and affective objectives can be

achieved.
Good ideas can be inculcated.
Imaginative power of students can be
developed.

THANK YOU