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Considerations
EGR 4347
Analysis and Design of Propulsion
Systems
Complete combustion
Low total pressure loss
Stability of combustion process
Proper temperature distribution at the exit with no hot
spots
Short length and small cross section
Freedom from flameout
Relightability
Operation over a wide range of mass flow rates, pressure
and temperatures
Equivalence ratio,
Combustor loading parameter, CLP
Space heat release rate, SR
Reference velocity, Vref
Main burner dome height, Hd
Main burner length/dome height ratio, L mb/Hd
Passage velocity, Vpass
Number and spacing of fuel injectors
Pattern factor correlation parameters, PF
Profile factor correlation parameter, P f
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PATTERN FACTOR
(TEXIT)MAX - (TEXIT)AVE
PF =
(TEXIT)AVE - (TINLET)AVE
SYSTEM PRESSURE DROP
(PINLET)TOTAL - (PEXIT)TOTAL
DPS =
(PINLET)TOTAL
LINER PRESSURE DROP
(PINLET)STATIC - (PEXIT)STATIC
DP =
(PINLET)STATIC
COMBUSTION PROCESS
REACTION RATE - f(Temp, Press)
T & P high
2(96 18)
0.0664
25(32 79 21 28)
EQUIVALENCE RATIO,
ff
stoich
IGNITION
ENVELOPE
FUEL FLOW
ALTITUDE
OPERATIONAL
ENVELOPE
DECELERATION
SCHEDULE
STABLE
FLAMEOUT
MACH NO.
ENGINE SPEED
COMBUSTION PROCESS
10
6
E q u iv a le n c e R a tio ,
4
2
1 .0
R ic h fl a m m a b il i t y l im i t
F la m m a b le
m is t
F la m m a b le
vapor
S p o n ta n e o u s
ig n it io n
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .1
F la s h p o i n t
50
100
150
200
T (C )
250
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Ignition)
Requires fuel/air mixture be within flammability
limits
Sufficient residence time
Ignition source in vicinity of combustible mixture
If mixture is below Spontaneous Ignition
Temperature (SIT), an ignition source is
required to bring temp up to SIT (Spark Plug)
Ignition energy - fig 10-68
1
const
tign exp
Ignition Delay
,
P
T
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Stability)
Ability of the combustion process to sustain itself
PROBLEMS: Too lean or too rich
Temp & reaction rates drop below that required to heat
and vaporize the fuel/air mixture
CLP (Combustion Loading Parameter)
Indication of stability based on mass flow, pressure (n =
1.8 for typical fuels), and combustor volume
CLP
m
P n Vol
Unstable
Stable
Unstable
CLP
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Stability - CLP)
Gives an estimate of combustor length
L Vref t res
t 3A ref t res
Aref
2"
Vave = Vref
t res Pt3 n
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Stability - CLP)
Eq. 10-31: L
Pt 3
Tt 4
A4
t res
A ref
Pt 3
Tt 4
Pt3n
New Design
Pt3r
L Const
Tt 4
where r n
c 1
c
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Total Pressure Loss)
Heat interaction (Rayleigh Loss) + Friction/Drag (Fanno Loss)
1
2
Drag
V
q = cpeTte - cpiTti
i i CDA
2
Vi
Tti
D
i
Ve
Tte
e
Cont: Vi i Vee
i Vi2
eVe2 1
Mom: Pi
Pe
i Vi2CD
gc
gc
2
Energy: q = c peTte - c pi Tti
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Total Pressure Loss)
Solution to these
3 equations:
exit, e 4
inlet, i 3
Equations 10-35 thru
10-38 on page 823
Tt4 q c p3Tt3
1.
Tt3
c p4 Tt3
1 2
3 M 32 1 3
M3
2
Tt4
2. =
2
4 1 + 3 M 32 1 CD Tt3
3. M 42
P
4. 4
P3
5.
2
1 - 2 4 1 - 2 4 1
1 + 3 M 32 1
CD
1 4 M 42
4
4 1 2 4 1
M4
3
3 1 2 3 1
M3
Pt4 P4
Pt3 P3
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Total Pressure Loss)
Pte / Pti
or
Pt4 / Pt3
1 .0 0
1 .0
0 .9 5
0 .8 0
0 .9 0
0 .6
0 .8 5
0 .4
0 .8 0
0 .2
0 .7 5
0 .0
0
0 .0 5
0 .1
0 .1 5
0 .2
Mi or M3
0 .2 5
0 .3
Me or M4
COMBUSTOR DIFFUSER
(Total Pressure Loss)
3
Set by Compressor Blade Height
2
1
A2
A1
A3
smooth-wall
diffuser
step (dump)
diffuser
Smooth-Wall
2
2
A1
M1 1 1
A 2
Pt 2
2
Pt1
1 1 M 2 1
1
Pt 3
2
exp M 2
Pt 2
2
Dump
A2
1
A3
A
1 2
A3
V ref
A re f
A com b
V c o m b ~ 3 0 ft /s
ro
A pass
V p a s s ~ 1 5 0 ft /s
ri
m 3a
Vref
t 3 Aref
H = ro - ri
Aref
H
2 rm
rt
H = rt-rh
V re f
A com b
A re f
Primary Volume
Combustor Volume
(includes Primary)
rh
COMBUSTOR EFFICIENCY
(reaction rate parameter)
1.75
t3
Tt 3
b
Aref e H
.
x 10 5
m3
"" when 1.03
CLP
P Vol
n
Vref
m3
t 3 Aref
lo c a l = /5 0 %
m 3 a*50 %
P r im a r y C o m b
Zone
3b
m 3a
3c
m 3 a*50 %
Passage
3a
Lmb
Pt3r
Lmb const
Tt 4
Volmb = 0.8Lmb*Aref
Volcomb = Lcomb*Acomb
Afterburners
Components:
Diffuser
Spray Ring
Flame Holder
Cooling Liner
Screech Liner
Variable Throat Nozzle
Afterburners - Components
Diffuser
Combustion Section
Zone 4 fuel spray ring
Zone 3 fuel spray ring
Zone 2 fuel spray ring
Fan flow
Splitter cone
Flame holder
Cooling Liner
Core flow
Diffuser cone
Linear perforated
Linear louvered
Station 6
Station 7
Afterburners - Components
Spray Ring
Diffuser
Flame Holder
V2
Recirculating Zone
H
W
Mixing Zone
Diffuser
Balance between low total pressure loss
during combustion (loss Mach no) and
AB cross-sectional area (no larger than
largest diameter upstream)
Short diffuser to reduce AB length with low
total pressure loss
Analysis - same as combustor diffuser
V2
d
Recirculating Zone
L
Flame Holder
Mixing Zone
Screech
Attenuates high frequency oscillations associated with
combustion instability (high heat release rates)
200-20000 Hz,high heat loading & vibratory stresses
Rumble
Alt
Screech Regime
M
Variable Nozzle
MFP - applied at Nozzle throat, M8 = 1
m
8 Tt 8
A8
Pt 8MFP( M8 )
V2
L
1, i
Inlet Conditions (Typical)
Pt1 = 40 psia
= 1.33
Tt1 =1750 R
m = 200 lbm/s
Exit Conditions (Typical)
Tte = 3800 R
2 = 1.3
fAB = 0.035
e
Flameholder Geometry (Choice)
half angle, = 30 deg
d = 3.5 in
local = 0.8
Design Calculations
1. Find M1
m
1 Tt1
MFP ( M1 )
Pt1A1
Tt1
1 1 2
1
M1
2
P1
k ()
PT
2.5
Pt1
1 2
M1
1 1
2
t c ref
2.5
t c ref Pref Tref
PT 2.5
( 1 1)
k ()
2.5
Pref Tref
eq 10-51:
L
tc
V2c
Blowout
V1 W
,
V2 H
V1c L W V1 L
H V2c W V2 W
eq 10 54
L
4
W
f AB hPR 3600
m
SR
Pt (Vol ) AB
Vol = (total length x AB cross-sectional area)
Desired value near 8 x 106 Btu/(hr ft3 atm)
Combustion Chemistry
- General Fuel-to-Air Stoichiometric Equation
y z
y z
y
y z
f stoich
m fuel
mair
12 x 1y 16 z
y z
x 32 3.76 28.16
4 2
H 1.008 m
for Hydrocarbon C n H m
C 12.01 n
Combustion Chemistry
Fuel
JP4 (CH2.02)
Propane (C3H8)
Methane (CH4)
Liquid Hydrogen
18,579
19,436
21,203
51,5932
(Equation not Valid)
EGTP, pg 827
2
Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, pg 4-29, table 4.1.6
1
Combustion Chemistry
- Non-Reacting MixturesBasic Equations
Applied Equations
mass: mm mi
i 1
Mole Number : N m N i
i 1
Mole Fraction: i
1.9857117 (Btu/lbmole R)
28.97 - f 0.946186 lbm /lbmole
Ni
,
Nm
mfi 1
i 1
i 1
i 1
C pm
C pair f C pprod
1 f
R
1 m
C pm
Mass: mi N i M i ; m m i M i
i 1
Gas Constant: R m
Ru
Mm
Combustion Chemistry
- Variation with Temp-
0.36
f=0
f = 0.02
f = 0.04
f = 0.06
f = 0.0676
1.4
0.34
1.38
1.36
0.3
1.34
Cp (Btu/lbmR)
0.32
1.32
0.28
1.3
f=0
f = 0.02
f = 0.04
f = 0.06
f = 0.0676
0.26
0.24
1.28
1.26
0.22
1.24
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temp (R)
3000
3500
4000
4500
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Temp (R)
3000
3500
4000
4500
Design Example
For the information given on the 1st slide, find the following:
1. M1 and V1
2. V1c (check stability)
3. Pressure ratio due to Rayleigh and Fanno losses
4. AB length
5. SR
COMBUSTION PROCESS
(Total Pressure Loss)
Example: What is the pressure ratio across the
burner for the following conditions:
Pt4/Pt3
1. Tt4/Tt3 = 3.0 and CD = 0 (No Drag)
2. Tt4/Tt3 = 1 and CD = 2.0 (No q)
3. Tt4/Tt3 = 3.0 and CD = 2.0 (Both Drag and q)
COMBUSTOR DIFFUSER
(Total Pressure Loss)
Set by Compressor Blade Height
Station 1 to 2 (smooth-wall, sm)
Given:
Pick:
A1/A2 = ________
Find:
1
Hsm
Lsm
Station 2 to 3 (Dump)
Calc:
A2/A3 = ________
Find:
HD
LD HD