Introduction to Steel Beam Design

LECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO STEEL
By : - Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering
Sriwijaya University (UNSRI)

Extension - Plg
Mechanics - Statics
1
Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University
Material of Structures
Structures
Woods / Timbers
Composite
or Fibers
Traditional and Low Weight

Structures
Light Weight
Reinforced
Concrete (R/C)
Steel Structures
Modern Structures
(Middle and High Strength Structures)
Mechanics - Statics
2

Important Design Considerations

Mechanical Properties
Mechanics - Statics
3
Compressive Strength
StressStrain curve
Tensile strength
Shear strength
Modulus of Elasticity
Poisson's ratio

Introduction (1)
Determining External Forces Acting
On A Structure
Loads & Reactions
Determining Forces Which Hold Together

The Various Members Of A Structure
Trusses & Machines
Next, Learn How to Determine The

Internal Forces Which Hold Together
The Various Parts Of A Given Member
Mechanics - Statics
4

Introduction (2)
The Four Types of INTERNAL Forces
Present in Structural Members
Tension or Compression
Shear
Bending
Torsion/Twisting
The Subsquent Analyses do Not

Consider Torsion Loads
For More torsion Info See ENGR45
Mechanics - Statics
5

Introduction (3)
Examine in Detail Two Important

Types Of Engineering Structures:
1. BEAMS - usually long, straight, prismatic
members designed to support loads
applied at various points along the
member
2. CABLES - flexible members capable of
withstanding only tension, designed to
support concentrated or distributed loads
Mechanics - Statics
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Internal Forces in Members (1)

(a) Straight twoforce member AB is
in equilibrium under
application of
F and -F.
(b) Internal Forces
equivalent to F and
-F are required for
equilibrium of freebodies AC and CB.
Mechanics - Statics
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VIRTUAL
Section

Multiforce member
ABCD is in equilibrium under the
FBD
application of cable
and member contact
forces.
VIRTUAL
INTERNAL forces equivalent Section J
to a FORCE-COUPLE (V-M)
system are necessary for
equilibrium of free-bodies JD
and ABCJ
Mechanics - Statics
8

An internal FORCE-COUPLE (V-M) system is

required for equilibrium of TWO-FORCE
members which are NOT STRAIGHT
Mechanics - Statics
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Example Problem 1
Given 3-Member
Structure at Right
Determine the
INTERNAL forces
in
a) member ACF at
point J
b) member BCD at K
Mechanics - Statics
10

Cut member ACF at J.

The internal forces at J are
represented by equivalent
force-couple (V-M) system
which is determined by
considering equilibrium of
either cut part.
Cut member BCD at K.
Solution Plan:
Compute Rcns and
Forces at
connections for
each member
Mechanics - Statics
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Determine force-couple (VM) system equivalent to

internal forces at K by
applying equilibrium
conditions to either cut part.

First Determine External Rcns

& Connection-Forces
Consider the ENTIRE Frame
as a Free Body
0 2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0
F 1800 N
0 2400 N 1800 N E y 0
E y 600 N
Mechanics - Statics
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0 Ex 0
Consider Link Member BCD

as a Free Body
2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0
C y 3600 N
2400 N 1.2 m B y 2.4 m 0
B y 1200 N
Mechanics - Statics
13
Dont Know (yet)
Bx C x 0
Consider ABE as a Free Body
1800 N
0
Bx 2.7 m 0
Bx 0
B x Ax 0
Ax 0
Fy 0 :
Ay B y 600 N 0
Ay 1800 N
Recall from Member BCD

Fx 0 Bx C x 0
But from Above Bx = 0
C x 0
3600 N
Mechanics - Statics
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MA 0:
Fx 0 :
ALL Forces on ACF are

now KNOWN
Cut member ACF at J

The internal forces at J are represented by equivalent force-couple system
Consider Free Body AJ
MJ 0:
1800 N 1.2 m M 0
M 2160 N m
Fx 0 :
F 1800 N cos 41.7 0
F 1344 N
Fy 0 :
V 1800 N sin 41.7 0
Mechanics - Statics
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V 1197 N

Cut member BCD at K

Determine a force-couple system equivalent to internal forces at K
Consider Free Body BK
MK 0:
1200 N 1.5 m M 0
M 1800 N m
Fx 0 :
F 0
Fy 0 :
1200 N V 0
Mechanics - Statics
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V 1200 N

Beam What is Beam?

Beam Structural member
designed to support loads applied
at various points along its length
Beams can be subjected to
CONCENTRATED loads or
DISTRIBUTED loads or a
COMBINATION of both.
Beam Design is 2-Step Process
1. Determine Shearing Forces And Bending Moments Produced
By Applied Loads
2. Select Structural Cross-section Best Suited To Resist
SHEARING-Forces and BENDING-Moments
Mechanics - Statics
17

Beam Loading and Supports
Beams are classified according to the Support

Method(s); e.g., Simply-Supported, Cantilever
Reactions at beam supports are Determinate
if they involve exactly THREE unknowns.
Otherwise, they are Statically INdeterminate
Mechanics - Statics
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Shear & Bending-Moment

Goal = determine bending
moment and shearing force at
any point in a beam subjected
to concentrated and
distributed loads
Determine reactions at
supports by treating whole
beam as free-body.
Cut beam at C and draw freebody diagrams for AC and CB
exposing V-M System
From equilibrium
considerations, determine
M & V or M & V.
Mechanics - Statics
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V & M Sign Conventions

Consider a
Conventionally
(Gravity) Loaded
Simply-Supported
Beam with the XAxis Origin
Conventionally
Located at the LEFT
C
Next Consider a
Virtual Section
Located at C
DEFINE this Case as POSITIVE
Shear, V
The Virtual Member LEFT of the Cut is pushed DOWN by
the Right Virtual Member
Moment, M
The Beam BOWS
UPward
Mechanics - Statics
20

M & V Sign PConventions

x
Simply-Supported Beam with the X-Axis Origin Conventionally

Positive Shear
Right Member Pushes
DOWN on Left Member
Positive Bending
Beam Bows UPward
POSITIVE Internal
Forces, V & M
Note that at a Virtual
Section the Vs & Ms
MUST Balance
Mechanics - Statics
21

V & M Diagrams
With the Signs of
V&M Defined we
Can now Determine
the MAGNITUDE
and SENSE for V&M
at ANY arbitrary
Virtual-Cut Location
PLOTTING V&M vs.
x Yields the Stacked
Load-Shear-Moment
(LVM) Diagram
Mechanics - Statics
22
LOAD Diagram
Kinks at LoadApplication Points
SHEAR Diagram
MOMENT Diagram
Build M&V Diagram

b) Determine reactions at supports
c) Cut beam at C and consider left
member AC
V P 2 M Px 2
d) Cut beam at E and consider right

member EB
V ' P 2 M ' P 2 L x
e) Plot V vs x
f)
Mechanics - Statics
23
Plot M vs x
Note: For a beam subjected to
CONCENTRATED LOADS, shear
is CONSTANT between loading
points and moment varies
LINEARLY
Ultimate Load comprises:

self-weight (DL) of G, and
concentrated LLs of Q
Example of SS:
w
G = 1.4w
a
RL
Q = 1.6W
a
L
R L * = R R*
RR
= G.L/2+ Q
Vmax = RL* = RR*
Vmax
Mmax
USFD
Vmax
Mmax
Mechanics - Statics
24
UBMD
= Q a + G L2/8
So M* = Mmax for
our design purpose

Example Problem 2
Solution Plan
For the Given Load

& Geometry, Draw
the shear and
bending moment
diagrams for the
beam AB
Mechanics - Statics
25
Taking entire beam

as free-body,
calculate reactions at
A and B.
Determine equivalent
internal force-couple
systems at sections
cut within segments
AC, CD, and DB
Plot Results

Taking entire beam as a

free-body, calculate
reactions at A and B.
MA 0:
B y 32 in. 480 lb 6 in. 400 lb 22 in. 0
B y 365 lb
MB 0:
480 lb 26 in. 400 lb10 in. A 32 in. 0
A 515 lb
Fx 0 :
Bx 0
Note The 400 lb load at E may be REPLACED by a

400 lb force and 1600 lb-in. couple at D
Mechanics - Statics
26

Evaluate equivalent internal

force-couple systems at
sections cut within segments
AC, CD, and DB
From A-C use Cut-1
Fy 0 :
515 40 x V 0
V 515 40 x
M 1 0 : 515 x 40 x 12 x M 0
M 515 x 20 x 2
Mechanics - Statics
27


AC, CD, and DB
From C-D use Cut-2
Fy 0 :
515 480 V 0
V 35 lb
M 2 0 : 515 x 480 x 6 M 0
M 2880 35 x lb in.
Mechanics - Statics
28


AC, CD, and DB
From D-B Use Cut-3
Fy 0 :
0:
515 480 400 V 0

V 365 lb
515 x 480 x 6 1600 400 x 18 M 0
M 11,680 365 x lb in.

Mechanics - Statics
29

Plot Results
From A to C:
V 515 40 x
M 515 x 20 x 2
From C to D
V 35 lb
M 2880 35 x lb in.
From D to B
V 365 lb
M 11,680 365 x lb in.
Note that over A-C The Bending-Moment Equation is

SECOND Order, and Concave DOWN
Mechanics - Statics
30

Relations Between Ld and V

On Element of Length x
from C to C; Fx = 0
V V V wx 0
dV
V
lim
w
dx x 0 x
Separating the Variables and

Integrating from Arbitrary
Points C & D
VD
dV V
VC
xD
VC w dx
xC
area under LOAD curve
Mechanics - Statics
31

Relations Between Ld and M

Now on C-C take MC = 0
M M M Vx wx x 0
dM
M
lim
lim V 12 wx V
dx x 0 x x 0
0
Separating the Variables and

Integrating from Arbitrary
Points C & D
xD
M D M C V dx area under SHEAR curve

xC
Mechanics - Statics
32

Summary: Ld, V, M Relations

The 1st Derivative of
V is the Negative of
the Load
dV
dx
w x0
x x0
The 1st Derivative of

M is the Shear
dM
dx
V x0
x x0
The Shear is the

The Moment is the
Negative of the Area
Area under the Vunder the Ld-Curve
Curve
V w x dx
Mechanics - Statics
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M V x dx
Example Problem 3
Solution Plan
For the Given Load

& Geometry, Draw
the shear and
bending moment
diagrams for the
beam AE
Mechanics - Statics
34
Taking entire beam

as free-body,
calculate reactions at
Support A and D.
Between
concentrated load
application points,
dV/dx = -w = 0, and
Thus the Shear is
CONSTANT

Between concentrated
load application points,
dM/dx = V = const. The
CHANGE IN MOMENT
between load application
points is equal to AREA
Solution Plan (cont.)
UNDER SHEAR CURVE
With UNIFORM
between Load-App points
loading between D
With a LINEAR shear
and E, the shear
variation between D and
E, the bending moment
variation is LINEAR
diagram is a PARABOLA
(i.e., 2nd order in x).
Mechanics - Statics
35

Taking entire beam as a

free-body, determine
reactions at supports
MA 0:
D 24 ft 20 kips 6 ft 12 kips 14 ft
12 kips 28 ft 0
F y 0 :
D 26 kips
Ay 20 kips 12 kips 26 kips 12 kips 0
Ay 18 kips
Mechanics - Statics
36

The VERTICAL Reactions
Ay 18 kips
D 26 kips
Between concentrated load

application points, dV/dx = 0,
and thus shear is Constant
With uniform loading
between D and E, the shear
variation is LINEAR.
Mechanics - Statics
37

6 ft
8 ft
10 ft
8 ft
Between concentrated load

application points, dM/dx = V =
Const. Thus the change in
moment between load application
points is equal to AREA under the
SHEAR CURVE between points.
M B M A 108
M B 108 kip ft
M C M B 16
M C 92 kip ft
M D M C 140 M D 48 kip ft
Mechanics - Statics
38

6 ft
8 ft
10 ft
8 ft
With a Linear Shear variation

between D and E, the
bending moment diagram is
PARABOLIC.
M D 48 kip ft
M E M D 48 M E 0
Note that the FREE End of a

Cantilever Beam Cannot
Support ANY Shear or
Bending-Moment
Mechanics - Statics
39

All Done for Today

Statics
Beam and Supports
ST
Mechanics - Statics
40
Kuliah

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LECTURE

By : - Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Sriwijaya University (UNSRI)

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Traditional and Low Weight

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Important Design Considerations

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Determining Forces Which Hold Together

Next, Learn How to Determine The

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

The Subsquent Analyses do Not

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Examine in Detail Two Important

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Internal Forces in Members (1)

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

Internal Forces in Members (2)

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Internal Forces in Members (3)

An internal FORCE-COUPLE (V-M) system is

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Cut member ACF at J.

Cut member BCD at K.

Determine force-couple (VM) system equivalent to

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

First Determine External Rcns

0 2400 N 3.6 m F 4.8 m 0

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

Consider Link Member BCD

2400 N 3.6 m C y 2.4 m 0

2400 N 1.2 m B y 2.4 m 0

Dont Know (yet)

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

Consider ABE as a Free Body

Recall from Member BCD

ALL Forces on ACF are

Cut member ACF at J

Consider Free Body AJ

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Cut member BCD at K

Consider Free Body BK

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Beam What is Beam?

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Beam Loading and Supports

Beams are classified according to the Support

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Shear & Bending-Moment

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

V & M Sign Conventions

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

M & V Sign PConventions

Simply-Supported Beam with the X-Axis Origin Conventionally

Dr. Ir. Anis Saggaff, MSCE

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

Build M&V Diagram

d) Cut beam at E and consider right

Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Sriwijaya University

Ultimate Load comprises: