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Figure1.1Blockdiagramofasimpleelectronicsystem:anAMradio.

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Figure1.2Analogsignalstakeacontinuumofamplitudevalues.Digitalsignalstakeafewdiscreteamplitudes.
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Figure1.3Ananalogsignalisconvertedtoanapproximatedigitalequivalentbysampling.Eachsamplevalue
isrepresentedbya3bitcodeword.(Practicalconvertersuselongercodewords.)
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Figure1.4Quantizationerroroccurswhenananalogsignalisreconstructedfromitsdigitalform.
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Figure1.5Afternoiseisadded,theoriginalamplitudesofadigitalsignalcanbedetermined.
Thisisnottrueforananalogsignal.
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Figure1.6Typicalflowchartfordesignofelectronicsystems.
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Figure1.7Flowchartofthecircuitdesignprocess.
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Figure1.8ThenpnBJT.
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Figure1.9Ametaloxidesemiconductor(MOS)transistor.
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Figure1.10Inphotolithographythephotoresistcoatedwaferisexposedtoalightpattern
definingtheregionstobecomespecificelementsofcircuitcomponents.
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Figure1.15Electronicamplifier.
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Figure1.16Inputwaveformandcorrespondingoutputwaveforms.
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Figure1.17Modelofanelectronicamplifier,includinginputresistanceRiandoutputresistanceRo.
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Figure1.18Source,amplifiermodel,andloadforExample1.1.
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Figure1.22Thepowersupplydeliverspowertotheamplifierfromseveralconstantvoltagesources.
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Figure1.23Illustrationofpowerflow.
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Figure1.24AmplifierofExample1.4.
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Figure1.25Currentamplifiermodel.
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Figure1.26VoltageamplifierofExamples1.5,1.6,and1.7.
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Figure1.27CurrentamplifiermodelequivalenttothevoltageamplifiermodelofFigure1.26.SeeExample1.5.
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Figure1.28Transconductanceamplifiermodel.
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Figure1.29TransconductanceamplifierequivalentofthevoltageamplifierofFigure1.26.SeeExample1.6.
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Figure1.30Transresistanceamplifiermodel.
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Figure1.31TransresistanceamplifierthatisequivalenttothevoltageamplifierofFigure1.26.SeeExample1.7.
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Figure1.32Ifwewanttosensetheopencircuitvoltageofasource,theamplifiershouldhaveahighinputresistance,
asin(a).Tosenseshortcircuitcurrent,lowinputresistanceiscalledfor,asin(b).
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Figure1.33IftheamplifieroutputimpedanceRoismuchlessthanthe(lowest)loadresistance,
theloadvoltageisnearlyindependentofthenumberofswitchesclosed.
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Figure1.34Toavoidreflections,theamplifierinputresistanceRishouldequalthecharacteristicresistanceZo
ofthetransmissionline.
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Figure1.35PeriodicsquarewaveandthesumofthefirstfivetermsofitsFourierseries.
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Figure1.36Gainversusfrequency.
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Figure1.37Capacitivecouplingpreventsadcinputcomponentfromaffectingthefirststage,dcvoltages
inthefirststagefromreachingthesecondstage,anddcvoltagesinthesecondstagefromreachingtheload.
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Figure1.38Capacitanceinparallelwiththesignalpathandinductanceinserieswiththesignalpathreducegain
inthehighfrequencyregion.
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Figure1.39Gainversusfrequencyforatypicalamplifiershowingtheupperandlowerhalfpower(3dB)frequencies
(fHandfL)andthehalfpowerbandwidthB.
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Figure1.40Gainmagnitudeversusfrequencyforatypicalbandpassamplifier.
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Figure1.41Inputpulseandtypicalaccoupledbroadbandamplifieroutput.
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Figure1.42Risetimeoftheoutputpulse.
(Note:Notiltisshown.Whentiltispresent,somejudgementisnecessarytoestimatetheamplitudeVf.
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Figure1.43Differentialamplifierwithinputsources.
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Figure1.44Theinputsourcesvi1andvi2canbereplacedbytheequivalentsourcesvicmandvid.
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Figure1.45Electrocardiographsencounterlarge60Hzcommonmodesignals.
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Figure1.46Setupformeasurementofcommonmodegain.
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Figure1.47Setupformeasuringdifferentialgain.Ad=vo/vid.
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