A

Presentation
ON

NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY

SOURCES

Session 2013-2014

Submitted to:
* Rahul Yadav
.

* Md. Khalid
* Rohit Roshan

Submitted by:
* Irshad Ahmad
* Ashish kr. Chaurasiya
* Mukesh Singh
* Manoj Pandey
* Himanshu Gautam

Mechanical Engineering

Introduction
Solar energy
Wind energy
Bio-gas energy
Tidal energy
Fuel-cell energy
Conclusion

Energy is basically the capacity of a body to do work.

It is measured the total amount of work that the body

can do.

The different forms of energy are:

Mechanical energy,
Thermal energy,
Chemical energy,
Electrical energy,
Nuclear energy,
Electromagnetic energy,

Gravitational energy.

The S.I unit of energy is Joule.

There are 2 types of energy sources:conventional energy sources

non conventional energy sources.

Conventional energy sources include fossil fuel energy

nuclear energy.

It is a non renewable source of energy.

Non conventional energy sources include-

solar energy,
wind energy,
bio-gas energy,
Tidal energy &
fuel cell energy.

It is renewable source of energy

The energy that is produced from sun is known as solar energy.

The Suns energy comes from nuclear fusion reaction that takes place deep in
the sun, where hydrogen nucleus fuse into helium nucleus.

When such a reaction takes place then tremendous amount of energy is

produced which is escaped into the space.

About 15% of suns energy is absorbed by earths atmosphere, some part is

absorbed by earths surface and rest is reflected back to space.

Fig.(a) Internal structure of sun

Use of solar energy for domestic purposes:-

Fig (1) solar cooker

Solar energy as a source of power generation:Photovoltaic Solar Power

Fig (2) working of PV Cell

Solar energy as a source for heat energy:

Capacity:
125L, 250L, 375L, 500L, 750L, 1000L
Collector Type:
Black-chrome Coated
Max. Temperature of hot water: 60C
Life of system: 15 20 years

sun

Solar water heater

Advantages:

Pollution free.
Available in plenty.

Disadvantages:
High initial cost.
It requires a large area for the system to be efficient in providing
a source of electricity.

Tata Power, a subsidiary of the famous Tata Group, is planning to set up Indias largest solar
PV power plant with a generation capacity of 50 MW. The company will set up this plant in
Mithapur, Gujarat.

Winds are caused because of two factors.

The absorption of solar energy on the earths surface and in

the atmosphere.

The rotation of the earth about its axis and its motion around
the sun.

Because of these factors, alternate heating and cooling cycles

occur, differences in pressure are obtained, and the air is
caused to move.

Wind energy has potential to be

used as a source of power.

This can be judged from the fact

that energy available in the wind
over the earths surface is
estimated to be 1.6x107 K.W

And the energy available is free

and clean.

Classification of wind mills

Wind mills
(a) Horizontal Windmills(1)Single bladed
(2)Double bladed
(3) Multi bladed

(b) Vertical Windmills

(1) Darrieus rotor
(2) Savonius rotor

Double blade wind mill

Single blade wind mill

Multi bladed Wind Mills

Savonius rotor

Darrieus rotor

Electricity generation from wind energy:

Fig (a) internal structure of windmill

Advantages:
free
Inexhaustible
No pollution
Wind mills will be highly desirable
and economical to the rural areas
which are far from existing grids.

Disadvantages
Wind power is not consistent.
High cost
Careful survey is necessary for plant
location.

Bio gas is generated through a process of anaerobic degradation of

Bio Mass.

Bio Mass is organic matter produced by plants, both terrestrial (those

grown on land) and aquatic (those grown in water) and their
derivatives.

It includes forest crops and residues, crops grown especially for their
energy content on energy farms and animal manure.

Unlike coal, oil and natural gas, which takes Millions of years to
form, bio mass can be considered as a renewable energy source

It can also be considered a form of solar energy as the latter is

used indirectly to grow these plants by photosynthesis.
Hence,
solar energy >Photosynthesis > Bio Mass->energy generation

Use of bio gas energy for domestic purposes:-

Fig (a) fixed dome type bio gas plant

Content of Methane in Bio-gas produced

from different feed stocks

S.No.
Feed Stock
Bio gas in Percentage

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Cattle Manure
Pig Manure
Poultry Manure
Farm yard Manure
Straw
Grass
Leaves
Kitchen Waste
Human excreta

Content of Methane in

54-56
57
55
55
55
60
58
50-52
60

Advantages of bio energy:

It burns without any smoke so it is eco friendly.

It is a renewable source of energy.
The technology is very suitable for rural areas.
Biogas is locally generated and can be easily distributed for
domestic use.
The raw material utilization also helps to keep the villages clean.
It provides a better and cheaper fuel cooking, lighting
and for power generation
Disadvantages of bio energy:
Low production
Not economical for large scale use.

Tide is periodic rise and fall of the water level of the sea.

This rise and fall of water level occurs due to the attraction of
sea water by the moon.

When the water is above the mean sea level, it is called flood
tide and when the level is below the mean level, it is called
ebb tide.

These tides can be used to produce electrical power which is

known as tidal power.

Classification of tidal Power Plants

a). Single basin systems
1) One-way system
2) Two-way
3) Two-way with pump storage

b) Double basin systems

1) Simple double basic

2) Double basin with pumping

Tidal energy as a source of electricity generation:-

Fig (a)

Fig (b)

Recently A Canadian Tidal Energy Technology Company has signed an Agreement

with Alstom Hydro for production of electricity through tidal energy.

Advantages:

It is pollution free.
Renewable source of energy.
It can meet high demand of electricity.
As in every form of water power, this will also not
produce any unhealthy waste like gases, ash,
atomic refuse which entails heavy removal costs.

Disadvantages:
The supply of power is not continuous as it depends upon the
timing of tides. Therefore some arrangements (double basin or
double basin with pump storage) must be made to supply the
continuous power.
High installation cost.

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that combines

hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen to produce electricity and heat.

The fuel cell consist of cathode, anode and an electrolyte.

Nickel is used as a catalyst in fuel cells.

The cathode side receives oxygen from the surrounding air

and hydrogen is formed by the reforming process.

Working of Fuel Cell

The working of the fuel cell is explained here with reference

to the Hydrogen-Oxygen fuel cell using aqueous electrolyte.

The fuel cell consists of an anode, a cathode and an

electrolyte Hydrogen fuel is fed into the anode side of the
cell.

Positive H2 ions move from the anode-side and enter the

electrolyte through porous cell walls.

The anode is left with a negative charge. Air is fed into the
cathode side.

O2 ions enter the electrolyte leaving the cathode side with

a positive charge.

Excess anode electrons flow to the cathode creating a

current flow H2 and O2 ions combine in the electrolyte
to from water which leaves the cell as steam.

The reaction taking place at the electrodes are given

below(1) Hydrogen electrode (anode)
2H2 4H
4H + 4OH 4H2O + 4e
(2) Oxygen electrode (cathode)
O2 20
2O + 2H2O + 4e 4 OH
(3) Overall cell reaction
2H2 + O2 2H2O

Electricity generation from fuel Cell energy:

Advantages:

Better than other conventional sources of energy as it is always

available.

Negligible amounts of pollutants, such as NOx and

SOx are produced.

Disadvantages:

Takes larger space.

The hydrogen evaporates as the insulation is not that perfect.

Energy is the primary and most universal measure of all kinds

work by human beings and nature.

Every thing what happens the world is the expression of flow of

energy in one of its forms.

Non conventional source of energy is valuable as it will meet the energy needs in
future.

conventional sources of energy is going to exhaust in future.

Both conventional and non- conventional sources of energy are also harming the
environment directly or indirectly.