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Groups: Halocarbons
Representing Covalent
Bonds
The valence electrons of elements
are often represented using dot
diagrams
Consequences of Bond
Polarity
Carbon and hydrogen share their
electrons equally they form nonpolar covalent bonds.
Compounds with non-polar bonds
tend to have weaker attractive
forces, lower melting points and
boiling points.
Small non-polar molecules tend to be
gases, larger ones liquids at room
temperature.
All nonpolar
bonds
Methane
Boiling Point: -160C
Chloromethane
Boiling Point: -24C
Functional Groups
When a highly electronegative element (one that
attracts electrons) is part of an organic compound,
they are often called functional groups.
Functional groups have a profound affect on the
physical and chemical properties of atoms.
We shall look at three classes of organic compounds
with polar functional groups: halocarbons,
oxygenated compounds such as alcohols, ethers,
carbonyl compounds, and esters, and nitrogenous
compounds like amines and amides.
The
Halogens
The Halogens:
Periodic Table, Group 17
So far we have considered organic
compounds containing only two elements.
Now we will expand our horizons further.
First we will consider a group of elements
collectively known as the halogens.
On the periodic table, elements in columns
are known as groups or families.
Elements in the same group have similar
chemical and physical properties, and make
similar kinds of compounds.
I2
For fluorine:
Naming Halocarbons
Naming a halocarbon is similar to
naming a hydrocarbon.
You need to specify the name of the
halogen, the number of halogens (if
greater than one), and their positions
on the hydrocarbon.
Halogens written as prefixes such as
chloro-, fluoro-, bromo-, etc.
2-Chloro pentane
1,1,1 trichloro ethane
3-fluoro propene
2,4 dibromo hexane
1,2 diiodo butane
Halocarbon Reactions
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Halogens will replace a hydrogen
atom:
CH3CH3(g) + Cl2(g) CH3CH2Cl (l) +
HCl(g)
This is called a substitution reaction.
Halocarbon Reactions
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Like hydrogen, halogens break the
double bond and add to the molecule
in two places:
H2C=CH2 + F2 CH2FCH2F
product!
name the
Substitution or Addition?
CH4
C2H4
C3H4
C4H8
C5H12
C6H10
C6H14
Halocarbon Uses
Halocarbons are not naturally occurring
Their most important use is to build
large organic molecules their ability to
substitute for hydrogen is matched by
their ability to be removed!
Many industrial uses of halocarbons
have been limited because of their
toxicity, but they are still widely used.
Classes of Halocarbons
CFCs chloroflurocarbons formerly
used in air conditioners, hairspray, and
refrigerators
Organochlorine pesticides
compounds such as DDT, which
concentrate up the food chain, are
still used in the developing world.