INDICATORS

To point out regions of sense organs and

describe their function
To identify the abnormality and diseases of
sense organs in the diary and remedy
against the illness

1. SIGHT ORGAN (THE EYE)

The eyes are the sensory organs of sight. They are sensitive
to light
Human eyes are a pair of slightly flattened balls. The are held
in bony sockets in the skull by three pairs of muscles. The
contraction of these muscles allows the eyeballs to move in
various directions
a. The eyellid and eyelashes keep dust and dirt out of the eyes
b. The eyebrows help to prevent sweat from running into the
eyes
c. When we blink, the eyelids wipe tears over the eyes,
keeping them moist and clean. Tears contain chemicals that
kill bacteria

The eye

Cross section through a human eye

Rectum muscle
Suspensory ligament
Sclera
Choroid
Yellow spot
Retina
Optic nerve
Blind spot

Iris
Pupil

Cornea

Lens
Ciliary muscle

 The wall of the eyeball is made up of three

leyers
a. Sclera tough, outer layer
b. Choroid black, middle layer
c. Retina sensitive to light, innermost
layer

The human eye is wrapped in three layers of tissue:

1. Sclerotic coat.
This tough layer creates the "white" of the eye except in the
front where it forms the transparent cornea. The cornea
admits light to the interior of the eye and
bends the light rays to that they can be brought to a focus.

The surface of the cornea is kept moist and dust-free by

secretions from the tear glands.
2. The choroid coat
This middle layer is deeply pigmented with melanin. The choroid
coat forms the iris in the front of the eye. This is pigmented and
is responsible for eye "color". The size of its opening, the pupil,
is variable and under the control of the autonomic nervous
system. In bright light the pupil closes down. This reduces the
amount of light entering the eye
3. The retina, is the inner layer of the eye. It contains the light
receptors, the rods and cones. The retina also has many
interneurons that process the signals arising in the rods and
cones before passing them back to the brain.

Cells in the retina are receptive to light

The retina, contains two sorts of receptor cell: rods and cones
Rods detect differences in light intensity; cones detect color.

A schematic drawing
of rod and cone cells

Table. The structure of the human eye and the function of the different parts
Part
Sclera

Choroid

Retina

Structure
White, fibrous, outer
layer that is opaque and
tough
Middle layer that
contains black pigment
and many blood vessels

Function
* Protects and maintains the
shape of the eyeball
The blood vessels supply
nutrients and oxygen to the eye
The black pigment absorb light
and therefore prevents reflaction of
light inside the eye which would
make an image less sharp

The innermost layer of the Detects light and produce nerve

eyeball. It contains many impulses
photoreceptors known as
The cones datect colours in bright
cones and rods
light, enabling us to have colour
vision
The rods enable us to see in dim
light. They detect shades of grey ijn
dim light

Cornea

Conjunctiva

Iris

The curved and transparent

layer of the sclera at the
front of the eye
The thin, transparent
layer of membrane in
front of the cornea
The coloured part of the
eye that is continuos with
the choroid. It is made up
of muscles

Pupil

The hole in the cemtre of

the iris

Lens

A transparent, biconvex
and elastic disc

* Its curved surface helps to

refract (bend) light onto the retina
* Protects the cornea

* Controls the size of the pupil

and thus the amount of light
entering the eye
* Control the amount of light
entering the eye
It refracts and focuses an image
onto the retina
The thickness of the lens is
changed to focus near and distant
objects

Ciliary body

Made up of strong
muscles

* Contracts and relaxes to change

the thickness of the lens

Suspensory
ligaments
Aqueous
humour

Strong fibres that connect

the lens to the ciliary body

* Hold the lens in its position

A watery, transparent liquid Helps to focus the image onto

that fills the space between the retina
the cornea and the lens
Help to maintain the shape of
the eyeball
The cornea, the conjuctiva and
the lens obtain food and oxygen
from the blood vessels in the
choroid layer by diffusion through
this liquid

Vitreous
humour

Yellow spot
(fovea)

A thick, jelly-like and

transparent substance
that fills the space behind
the lens
The most sensitive spot
on the retina. It is located
directly opposite the pupil

Help to focus the image onto

retina
Help to maintain the shape of
the eyeball
Detects light or images that fall
on it

Blind spot

Optic nerve

A point on the retina where the

optic nerve leaves the eye.
There are no photoreceptors
here

Made up of nerve fibres that

connect the retina to the brain

Images that fall on this

spot cannot be detected

Carries nerve impulse from

the retina to the brain

How Does The Human Eye Work?

The Camera

The Human Eye

The cornea and lens work together to focus

images in the eye.

The mechanism of sight can be summarised as

the following :
Light rays from object
Cornea
Aqueous humour

Pupil

Lens

Object is seen
Brain
Optic nerve

Retina
Vitreous humour

ABNORMALITY OF THE SIGHT ORGANS :

1.

Hypermetropia : Farsightedness is the failure of the lens

to band the light rays enough bring them to afocal point
on the retina. Vision at a distance is clear, vision at a
close range is blurry.
To correct this abnormality, a convex lens is placed in
front of the eye, so that the light rays will be partially
bent even before they reach the eye. With the
convergence of the rays, the eye can bring the rays to a
focal point on the retinal

Farsightedness.
If the eyeball is too short or the lens too flat or inflexible, the light
rays entering the eye particularly those from nearby objects
will not be brought to a focus by the time they strike the retina.
Eyeglasses with convex lenses can correct the problem.
Farsightedness is called hypermetropia.

2 . Myopia :
Nearsightedness, light rays are focused
before they reach the
retina. This
person can see objects close to them very
clearly, but they are unable to focus an
objects at a distance.
In the myopia person the light rays
normally focus in front of retina. To prevent
this, a concave lens is placed in front of
the eye.

Nearsightedness.
If the eyeball is too long or the lens too spherical, the image of distant
objects is brought to a focus in front of the retina and is out of focus
again before the light strikes the retina.
Nearby objects can be seen more easily.
Eyeglasses with concave lenses correct this problem by diverging the
light rays before they enter the eye. Nearsightedness is called myopia.

Farsighted and nearsighted eye and correction

3. Astigmatism
Astigmatism ; this happens when one of the
components of the lens
system become egg shaped rather than
sperical. Either the cornea or the crystalline
lens become elongated in the direction in
comparison to the direction. The eye is far
sighted for some light rays and near sighted
for the rest.

A cataract is the clouding of the natural lens. The clouding in the lens distrupts
transmission of light through the lens. Vision may be blurred, dark, and
distorted.

2. HEARING ORGAN ( THE EAR )

The ears are the sensory organs of hearing. They are
sensitive to sound
Thu human ear has three main parts the outer ear, the
middle ear and the inner ear
The outer ear consists of Pinna, Auditory cannal, and
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
The midlle ear consists of temporal bones (The hammer,
anvil and stirrup), Oval window, Eustachian tube
The inner ear consists of Cochlea, Organ of corti

ANATOMY OF THE EAR

1. The function of outer ear is : to direct wave of

sound to tympanic membrane so the tympanic

membrane vibrate.

2. The function of middle ear is : to transit sound

vibration from the tympanic membrane to the
small membrane, in the middle ear which is
called oval window
3. In the inner ear, there is eustachius vasel. The
function of eustachius vasel is to make
homeostasis air pressure from the other side
of tympanic membrane with change in altitude
height tone of sound.

External pinna

Outer

Auditory cannal
Tympanic membrane

Ear

Middle

Inner

Hammer

Anvil
Ossicles/ temporal B
Eustachius tube
Stirrup
Oval window
Round window
Vestibular cannal

Cochlea

Cochlea duct
Tympanic cannal

Organ of corti

Hair cells
Basilar
membrane
Tectoral
membrane

Summary of the mechanism of hearing :

Sound reaches the aer
External pinna
Ear canal / auditory canal
Ear drum / tympanic membrane
Ossicles

Sound is heard
Brain
Auditory nerve
Cochlea
Oval window

Abnormality of hearing organs

The human ear can generally hear sound waves,
ranging frequencies between 15 and 20.000 cycles
per second
The extent of hearing loss at various frequencies
can be determined with the aid of an audiogram
1. Conduction deafness is a congenital defect of
infections that can cause ossicles to fuse,
preventing sound from getting to the inner ear
2. Nerve deafness is caused by the event that the cillia
in the organ of corti get worm away because of
either normal aging or continuous exposure to loud
sound. Hearing aids here would not help.

3. THE SMELL ORGAN ( THE NOSE )

Smell receptors detect chemicals in the air and the food
we eat.
The nose is the sensory organ of smell
Two holes, called nostril, open into a hollow space called
nasal cavity
The nasal acvity is lined with mucous. The mucous lining
warms and moistens the air current before it enters the
lungs
Smells or chemicals in the air must dissolve in the
mucous in order to be detected by the smell receptor

4. THE TASTE ORGAN ( THE TONGUE )

The tongue is the sensory organ related to the sense of
taste
It is sensitive to four basic tastes sweet, salty, sour
and bitter.
The surface of tongue is covered with little bumps.
These bumps contain tiny structures called taste buds
Each taste bud contains many taste receptors which are
sensitive to chemicals in food. These chemicals must
dissolve in saliva before they can be tasted
They are four types of taste bud, one for eacfh basic
taste.

Areas of the tongue that are sensitive to different

tastes
Bitter

Sour

Sour

Salty

Salty

Sweet

5. THE TOUCH ORGAN ( THE SKIN )

The skin is a sensory organ that gives us our sense of
touch. It can detect stimuli such as touch, pain, pressure,
heat and cold
The skin has five different types of receptor. They are the
touch receptors, the pain receptors, the heat receptors,
the cold receptors and the pressure receptors
When the receptors are stimulated, they send signals in
the form of nerve impulses to the brain. The brain
interprets the signals and we can feel the sensation of
touch.