Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Maria Kihl
Lund Center for Control of Complex
Engineering Systems
Lund University, Sweden
http://www.lccc.lth.se/
Ume University
Context
Problem Description
Prediction of load/signal/future is not a new problem
Studied extensively within many disciplines
Time series analysis
Econometrics
Control theory
Stock markets
Biology, etc.
Multiple solutions proposed to prediction problem
Neural networks
Fuzzy logic
Adaptive control
Regression
Kriging models
<your favorite machine learning technique>
However, solution must be suitable for our problem
Requirements
Vary capacity allocated to a service
Simplicity
Key to adoption
Our approach:
Adaptive Hybrid control
Closed loop control
Adaptive control:
P-controller
Adjust error signal by gain parameter
Error signal is the difference between current and
desired output
Change signal adjustments with load dynamics
Homogeneous requests
Short requests that take one time unit
(or less)
Machine startup time is negligible
Delayed requests are dropped
Constant machine capacity
Infrastructure modeled as G/G/N queue
Gain parameter
UR combined with:
DR, DP, DRP
UP combined with:
DR, DP, DRP
URP-DP
Scale up: reactive + proactive
Scale down: proactive
Performance Evaluation
Simulation-based evaluations
3 aspects studied
Performance metrics
.Over-provisioning:
.VMs allocated but not needed
.Under-provisioning:
.VMs needed, but failed to allocate (SLA violation)
Studied workload
FIFA98 traces
Best combination(cont.)
Baseline: UR-DR
1.63% under-provisioning
1.4% over-provisioning
Best combination(cont.)
UR-DP_1
Best combination(cont.)
UR-DP_2
Conclusions:
Over-provisioning:
UR-DR:
2.99% under-provisioning,
UR-D_Regression:
2.24% under-provisioning,
UR-DP_1:
1.51% under-provisioning,
UR-DP_2:
1.07% under-provisioning,
19.57% over-prov.
47% over-prov.
32.24% over-prov.
39.75% over-prov.
Conclusions
P-control promising approach to cloud elasticity
Accurate predictions
Rapid
Controller execution time in ms
Robust
Copes with changes in workload dynamics