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Functionality and
Protocols
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
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ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
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Client
Server
Model
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Servers
The server runs a service, or process, sometimes called a server
daemon.
Daemons (like other services) typically run in the background and
are not under an end user's direct control.
Daemons are described as "listening" for a request from a client.
Programmed to respond whenever the server receives a request for the
service provided by the daemon.
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
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Application Layer
Protocols
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
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HTTP
(WWW)
We will examine
HTTP in detail.
FTP
(file transfer)
SMTP
(email)
Telnet
(remote login)
ITE PC v4.0
Chapter 1
DHCP
(IP address
resolution)
DNS
(domain name
resolution)
SMB
(file sharing)
P2P
(file sharing)
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DNS
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nslookup
nslookup
Displays default DNS server for your host
Can be used to query a domain name and get the IP address
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Name Resolution
Resolver
DNS client programs used to look up DNS name information.
Name Resolution
The two types of queries that a DNS resolver (either a DNS client or another DNS server) can
make to a DNS server are the following:
Recursive queries
Queries performed by Host to Local DNS Server
Iterative queries
Queries performed Local DNS server to other servers
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DNS Name
Resolution
1
Step 1.
The DNS resolver on the DNS client sends a recursive query to its
configured Local DNS server.
Requests IP address for "www.example.com".
The DNS server for that client is responsible for resolving the name
Cannot refer the DNS client to another DNS server.
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DNS Name
Resolution
1
Step 2.
Local DNS Server forwards the query to a Root DNS server.
Step 3.
Root DNS server
Makes note of .com suffix
Returns a list of IP addresses for TLD (Top Level Domain Servers)
responsible for .com.
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DNS Name
Resolution
TLD Servers
Responsible for domains such as .com, edu, org, .net, .uk, jp, fr
There are redundant servers throughout the world.
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4
5
Step 4.
The local DNS server sends query for www.example.com to one of
the TLD servers.
Step 5.
TLD Server
Makes note of example.com
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Step 6.
Local DNS server sends query for www.example.com directly to
DNS server for example.com
Step 7.
example.com DNS server responds with its IP address for
www.example.com
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Step 8.
Local DNS server sends the IP address of www.example.com to the
DNS client.
DNS Caching
When a DNS server receives a DNS reply (mapping hostname to an
IP address) it can cache the information in its local memory.
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DNS Name
Resolution
ipconfig /displaydns
After a certain amount of time, specified in the Time to Live (TTL)
associated with the DNS resource record, the resolver discards the
record from the cache.
ipconfig /flushdns Manually deletes entries
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DHCP
DHCP Information can
include:
IP address
Subnet mask
Default gateway
Domain name
DNS Server
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DHCP
We will discuss DHCP more when
we discuss IPv4.
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Telnet
Telnet
Telnet
Server
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Telnet
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HTTP
Server
HTTP
Client
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Web
Caching
Origin
Server
HTTP
Request
Web
Cache or
Proxy
Server
HTTP Response
HTTP Response
HTTP
Request
HTTP
Request
Origin
Server
Client
HTTP
Request
HTTP Response
Client
HTTP Response
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FTP
Client
FTP
Server
FTP was developed to allow for file transfers between a client and a server.
Used to push and pull files from a server running the FTP daemon (FTPd).
Uses get and put commands
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Mail server
SMTP
Mail server
User agent
SMTP
POP3
IMAP
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SMTP
MTA
receives email from the
client's MUA
passes email to the MDA
for final delivery
uses SMTP to route email
between servers
On Unix systems, procmail and maildrop are the most popular MDAs.
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Update
d
n
a
rm
1 Info
d Update
1 Inform an
1 Inform and Update
1 Inform
2 Query
Peer B
Peer
Peer
3 File Transfer
and Upda
te
for conte
Peer A
nt
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P2P Query
Flooding
Query
ry
Que
it
ry h
e
u
Q
Query
Query hit
Peer B
nsfer
File tra
Peer C
Query
Peer A
Que
ry
Que
ry h
it
Peer D
Peer E
Peer F
Peer A searches for a file
1. Peer A sends query to all neighboring peers.
2. If neighboring peer does not have file, forwards query to all its neighboring peers
3. If any peer has the file it returns a query hit message.
4. Peer A selects a peer, Peer C, to retrieve file (HTTP GET)
5. A direct TCP connection is made with selected peer, Peer C.
6. HTTP response is used to send file.
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P2P - Combination
Group
Leader
Group
Leader
Query
Query
ery
u
Q
Query
R
Group
Leader
eply
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Summary
DNS
DHCP
TELNET
applications
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SMTP
HTT
P
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