3

Establishing Well to
Seismic Tie

Establish Well-Seismic
Tie
Objectives
-

Determine key marker that need to be interpreted

Understand seismic response in respect to the wells

Determine the seismic phase

Check the log quality

Convolution Model & Polarity

Convention

European Normal

European Reverse (SEG Normal)

Seismic Bandwidth and Phase

Phase Spectrum

Amplitude Spectrum

The seismic trace is composed of energy that has a range of

frequencies.
The seismic wavelet is the result of addition of the sin wave
functions at each frequency
Amplitude and phase spectrum are another wavelet representation

Seismic Bandwidth and Earth Filter

It is a characteristic of the seismic
data that the bandwidth of the input
signal is modified by earth filter
Thus shallow targets will generally
be characterized by good
bandwidth whilst deeper targets will
have poorer bandwidth

Zero Phase Minimum Phase Wavelet

Zero Phase Wavelet
European Normal

Two Minimum Phase Wavelets

European Reverse (SEG Normal)

Sound source (explosive, airgun) has minimum phase wavelet

Most wavelet extracted from seismic data have mixed phase
Minimum phase is a condition of a wavelet rather than a description of its
shape. Thus this wavelet is NOT desirable for interpretation
Minimum phase is used to describe a causal wavelet (ie: no energy before
zero) in which the phase is closest to zero but which displays the most rapid
build up of energy.
Thus there is a unique minimum phase wavelet for a given amplitude
spectrum

Zero Phase Minimum Phase Wavelet

Illustration of phase rotation in respect to zero phase wavelet

Wavelet Shape Changes Due To Earth

Filter

-120o phase rotated

zero phase wavelet

Zero phase wavelet

Idealized Wavelet
Question:
Which idealized wavelet is
suitable for these two different
amplitude spectrums.?

Effect of Various Processing Step to Wavelet

Shape

Processing Steps Affecting Wavelet Shape (Courtesy R.E. White)

Zero Phasing and Wavelet Shaping

Zero Phasing

Whitening
(broadening of frequency spectrum)

Well-Seismic Tie

Log
Calibration

Vp
(Sonic
)

AI
RC*
d
(Densit (Vp.d)
y)
V2d2
------------------V1d1
V2d2 +V1d1

Wavelet Estimation

20 ms

Wavelet Validation

Wavelet MUST have

center of energy

Consistent Wavelet

Synthetic match
beyond interval of
interest

Log Calibration
Objective:
To calibrate sonic transit time with travel time from checkshot in order
to match with the seismic

Log Calibration
Calibration Methods:
- Linear trends with knee points
- Spline or polynomial

Resolving differences in seismic and sonic travel times

Quantifying Well Tie

Reasons For Poor Well Tie

1. Different propagation paths for sonic and seismic
2. Relative scales of measurement
3. Frequency of measurement
4. Spatial sampling
5. Error in seismic migration
6. Problem in log measurement (eg: invasion, cycle
skipping)
7. Bad checkshot value

Seismic Resolution and Detection

Temporal vertical resolution (tuning tickness):
- Separation by the seismic method of two features which are close together
(1/4 wavelength of the signal)

Vertical resolution in respect to depth

T = Seismic period (peak to peak or trough to trough

Fd (Dominant frequency) = 1/T * 1000
Tr (Temporal Thickness) = 1/2.31 Fd * 1000
Vertical Resolution = Tr*Vp/2000

Which sand is resolved?

Seismic Response on different geologic

boundary

What is the resolution of this seismic

data?
Seismic

Temporal Resolution
1.

At A the two reflections are solved

2.

As the units is thinned the two

reflection begin to interfere resulting
in a composite response that
progressively increases in amplitude
to the tuning thickness at B

3.

Progressive thinning of the unit

results in destructive interference and
the composite decreases the
amplitude

4.

The reflections never get much closer

together in time than the tuning
thickness

5. For thickness below tuning the time separation measured from the trace would greatly
over-estimated the thickness
6. Interestingly, the amplitude in the zone below tuning are approximately linearly related to
the actual time thickness of the bed
7. Between A and B the time separation is more or less a reasonable guide to thickness

Example Of
Tuning
Phenomenon

Thickness Prediction from seismic

Thickness above tuning:

(time thickness (ms)/2000 * (Vp)

Thickness below tuning:

(Utilizing plot between amplitude and
temporal thickness) /2000 * Vp

Lateral Resolution

Key factors: migration aperture,

geometry, fold and sampling

Resolution

The Danger Of Un-corrected Sonic Log

Resolution