Topic 1

Educational
Technology
Week 1

Concepts of Educational Technology

Technology - techne (Greek)
Meaning:
Skill in using knowledge systematically until
achieving the usual practice of performing a
Ittask.
encompasses process and ideas.

Instructional technology :
A systematic way to develop, implement and
evaluate the whole process of teaching and
learning in terms of specific objectives based
on research, education and human
communication and use of human resources
and non-human to produce more effective

Education Technology:
the study and ethical practice of facilitating
learning and improving performance by
creating, using and managing, appropriate
technological processes and resources
Is very broad in education to the extent that
the concept of educational technology
encompasses an educational organization
itself. The concept and meaning can be
discussed from various angles.

1.2 Educational Technology

Domain
Instructional Technology domain 1977
AECT - (Association for Educational
Communication and
Technology)

Instructional technology :

Is a complex and integrated process involving

people, procedures, ideas, devices and
organization for analyzing problems and
designing, evaluating and managing the
solution to the problems in situations where
the learning process id focused and
controlled.

Instructional technology domain is divided

into three functions:
i. Teaching management functions
ii. Development function of teaching
iii. Function of learning resources
Technology domain:
Initiated by development functions of
teaching, followed by function of learning
resources.
Teaching management function acts as the
primary management of both these
functions.

1.2.1.1 Teaching Development

Function
To analyse learning and design problems,
implement and evaluate solutions to these
problems.
It involves a process that consists of several
stages.
First stage:
Conceptualising theoretical model for solving
the problems.
Conducted to obtain scientific information on
students, teaching and learning, learning
resource and so on.

1.2.1.2 Function of Learning

Resources

Used separately or together to facilitate the

teaching and learning process.
Application level and logistics, learning
resources are selected, used and
disseminated
- Anything that store and transmits
information to
students.
- Message contains information received by
the
students.
e.g. lesson, instruction, and others

1.2.1.3 Function of Teaching

Management
Main function:
to supervise and control the development of
learning resources so as instructional
technology can function effectively.
Personnel management:
responsible in issues related to the
recruitment, supervision and evaluation of
employees.
Main purpose:
To create a good relationship as well as too
improve communication between
employees.

1.2.2 Educational Technology

Domain 1994
Five domains:
- Design domain
- Development domain
- Use domain
- Management domain
Evaluation domain

1. Design domain
- the process to determine the
instructional system
component, characteristics and needs
Four main areas:
for learning
a). Instructional systems design
b). Message design
c). Instructional strategies
d). Pupil characteristics
Instructional systems design:
An organized or systematic procedures for analyzing,
designing, building, implementing and evaluating
instructional materials, an educational unit, a course or
a curriculum that would help or improve the students
learning and teachers teaching.

2. Development domain
- Is the development or construction.
- Involves the process of translating the
design specifications.
- Consist of printed materials, audio-visual
materials,
computer-based materials and multimedia
3. Use domain
materials
- Use is the act of using methods and
instructional
models, materials and media tools and
environment to
enhance the learning process.

4. Management domain
Involves control of the instructional technology
through planning, organization, coordination
and supervision of the resource center or
technology education to enable organized and
effective teaching and learning.

5. Evaluation domain

Is the process to determine the suitability and

effectiveness of teaching and learning or educational
programs such as student achievement assessment,
evaluation of the use of media, evaluation of the
design and construction of teaching material and
evaluation of programs or educational media project

1.3 Principles of Educational

Technology
The use of technology in teaching and
learning is only a supporting material for
teachers to teach and not a substitute for
teaching.
The using of educational technology is to
help teachers teach and help students learn
a subject content more effectively.
It is used for teaching and learning and not
for entertainment or to show the ability of
teachers to use technology, also not to
waste time while waiting for the learning of
pupils over.

Educational resources selected based on

their appropriateness in terms of topics and
learning objectives, student background,
class size and physical condition of the
classroom.
Educational resources should be used to
achieve the objectives and the development
of teaching and learning, either for

i. introduction of the topic,

ii. educational development which includes
explanation of concept, or
iii. closing or conclusion
iv. assessment on the understanding of the
topic.

The use of educational resources must be

planned in three stages, namely:

1. Before use - planning time and manner

relate to the
topic being taught
2. During use - planning reviews and
emphasising the
important aspects that will accelerate
the process of
learning
3. After use - planning further activities /
enrichment
and reinforcement

1.4 Role and Importance of

Educational
Technology in Teaching and
Learningeducation is a media application,
Technology
system, and technical approach towards
teaching and learning environment. One of
the main role and approaches of educational
technology are to promote positive learning
environment, changes in the decisionmaking level, changes in the system or
changes in the approach to teaching and
changes in learning experience.

1.4.1 Changes in Decision Making

Level
Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or
curriculum are established by the Ministry of
Education. The syllabus has been drafted
based on student skill levels in different age
groups. During the planning of this syllabus
or curriculum, this curriculum planners will
collaborate with instructional designers to
determine the use of educational technology
in the school curriculum.

For example
In the implementation of PPSMI Teaching
and Learning of Science and
Mathematics in English, the curriculum
has been outlined and media sources
produced in tandem. This can help
teachers in choosing media sources that
suits to be used in the classroom. Apart
from saving teachers time, it also makes
learning more effective and systematic.

1.4.2 Changing the System or

Teaching
Approaches
Accordingly, Malaysia school syllabus or
curriculum are established by the Ministry of
Education. The syllabus has been drafted
based on student skill levels in different age
groups. During the planning of this syllabus
or curriculum, this curriculum planners will
collaborate with instructional designers to
determine the use of educational technology
in the school curriculum.

1.4.3 Changing the Learning

Experience
Important
to make effective learning, and
can change student behavior.
Careful planning and rigorous shall be
arranged so that it can help students get the
learning experience based on the objective
set by the teacher based on the curriculum
that was enacted.
Plans such as the use of appropriate media
either using computer applications,
simulations, demonstrations or any other
materials to help students understand the
learning should be determined so that the
critical and creative thinking can be
generated in the classroom so that pupils are

1.4.4 Promoting a Positive

Learning
Environment

Use of effective technology in teaching can

stimulate positive learning environment
(effectively) and attract students.
Use the latest technology such as the use of
laptops, slide to boost student attention
optimally if carried out systematically.
There are a variety of learning approaches
that can be implemented in the classroom
using educational technology in order to
generate an effective learning environment.

Among the approaches that can be practiced

to promote a positive learning environment
are cooperative, collaborative learning, team
approach and an individual approach.

1.4.5 Promoting Cooperative

Approach

Is involves students working together and be

responsible for each member of the group.
All members must work together in groups to
solve a given problem.
The teacher is responsible for ensuring that
each student in the group work together
well.
Social skills are critical among members of
the group to help the group achieve its
objectives and maintain positive
relationships.

For example
In science, teachers give assignments to
students to find any information related to the
Solar System. Pupils are given time to collect
information in the library and computer labs.
The findings are presented in class using media
applications produced by pupils. These
activities can produce students who have high
self-confidence, ICT literate and able to
communicate effectively.

1.4.6 Promoting Collaborative

Approach

Requires the involvement of all team members.

It requires challenging ideas, support and
improve an idea to consensus group. In this
approach, students will gather ideas or data,
share experiences, discuss among themselves,
and solve problems together.
Each team member are committed to perform a
given task and ready to help each other to
improve their academic performance.